High performance communications cables supporting low voltage and wireless fidelity applications providing reduced smoke and flame spread

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides conductive and/or insulative compositions comprising polymer blends that include olefin and/or fluoropolymer and/or chlorofluoropolymer based resins with and without inorganic additives. These compositions reduce flammability and smoke generation and are used primarily for insulation materials and for high performance communications cables. In addition, support-separators using these same compositions, to be used within the communications cables, and normally within the cable core, are described. These unique compositions include polymer blends that offer both flame and smoke suppression while maintaining the characteristics necessary to improve electrical performance and allow for severe cost reduction over conventional separators. These polymers blends can also be utilized for fabricating shielding materials. The specially shaped core support-separators can be either interior to the cable jacket or be employed singularly without the benefit of a jacket and extend along the longitudinal length of the communications cable. Alternatively, if no jacket is used for cable completion, a portion of the separator with a thin layer of material surrounding the separator core can act as a type of skin for mechanical protection. Specially shaped core support-separators have both a central region as well as a plurality of shaped sections that extend outward from the central region for which the materials of construction are either solid or partially solid, foamed or foamed with a solid skin surface.

CLAIM TO PRIORITY

This utility application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/264,607 filed Nov. 1, 2005, now abandoned, and Ser. No. 12/011,928 filed Jan. 30, 2008 now pending, which both claim priority under all rights to which they are entitled under 35 U.S.C. Section 120. The above claim to priority is also submitted herewithin on form PTO/SB/14 entitled Application Data Sheet 37 CFR 1.76 in the section entitled “Domestic Benefit/National Stage Information”.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to high performance multi-media communications cables and the accompanying separators within those cables utilizing paired or unpaired electrical conductors or optical fibers that also meet the newer transmission requirements of three main standards developed as IEEE 802.11(a), (b), and (g) adopted in both in the United States under the National Electric Code (NEC) and internationally through the guidelines established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Additional standards have been proposed and are now adopted within IEEE 802.3(a)(f) for integrating communications cabling and low voltage power source capabilities within the same cable structure (IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements). Allowable voltages and wattages seem to be increasing and will be most likely be greater than the current standards Specifically, the invention relates to cables having a central core defining individual conductor pair channels that are capable of meeting the needs of the recently created wireless LAN (local area network) market place. Specifically, wireless networks for laptop computing and wireless network access points (antennae) that transmit and receive wireless signals need to comply with IEEE standard 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g and 802.3(a)(f). Low voltage conductors that are included in the central core or within the cable or within the cable either for power or as antennae are also capable of being used for additional purposes including the need for transmission of power or frequency other than specifically for wireless applications such as powering hubs and routers for a communications network or providing alternative voice or data transmission lines or even in lieu of batteries that would be used to power cameras or other network remote devices.

The wireless access points are usually installed in building ceilings or wiring closets or behind walls of homes and cover a 200-300 ft. range for wireless users. Access points (or antennae) must be connected to the data network via category 5 (as a minimum) communications transmission media and must be able to receive power from a power source (normally 110 VAC in the United States). The power from these devices is converted from the 110 VAC to 12-24 VDC, but can be as high as 48 VDC at a maximum of 12 W. Currently the conductors being used are 22-24 A WG used, but larger A WG wires are anticipated in order to maintain higher wattages associated with increased low voltages as determined by the application.

The communications cables of the present invention have interior core support-separators that define a clearance through which conductors or optical fibers may be disposed within the separators and how these are capable of supporting the use of the low voltage power conductors is a subject of the present invention.

The invention also pertains to the use of conduit tubes that could be used in conjunction with or separately from the separators with defined clearance channels, spacing and channel separation. These conduit tubes may be round, square, rectangular, elliptical or in any feasible geometric shape that would allow for any communications media conductor to be placed, pulled, or subsequently blown into proper position along the length of these tubes in connection with the use of low power conductors.

Concurrently the invention includes the use of composite electrical insulation exhibiting reduced flame spread and reduced smoke evolution while maintaining favorable electrical properties within the conductors and cables. The present invention also includes the use of insulated electrical conductors and jacketed plenum cable formed from flame retardant and smoke suppressant composite insulation(s).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many communication systems utilize high performance cables normally having four pairs or more that typically consist of two twisted pairs transmitting data and two receiving data as well as the possibility of four or more pairs multiplexing in both directions. A twisted pair is a pair of conductors twisted about each other. A transmitting twisted pair and a receiving twisted pair often form a subgroup in a cable having four twisted pairs. High-speed data communications media in current usage includes pairs of wire twisted together to form a balanced transmission line. Mulit-media cables may include twisted pairs or optical transmission media (fiber optics) or both and also may include coaxial conductors.

In conventional cable, each twisted pair of conductors for a cable has a specified distance between twists along the longitudinal direction. That distance is referred to as the pair lay. When adjacent twisted pairs have the same pair lay and/or twist direction, they tend to lie within a cable more closely spaced than when they have different pair lays and/or twist direction. Such close spacing increases the amount of undesirable energy transferred between conductors which is referred to as cross-talk. Therefore, in many conventional cables, each twisted pair within the cable has a unique pair lay in order to increase spacing and randomness between pairs and thereby reducing the cross-talk between twisted pairs of a cable.

Additionally undesirable energy may be transferred between adjacent cables (which is known as alien crosstalk) or alien near-end cross talk (anext) or alien far-end cross talk (afext).

The Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronics Industry Association (TIA/EIA) have defined standards for crosstalk, including TIA/EIA-568 A, B, and C including the most recent edition of the specification. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has also defined standards for data communication cable cross-talk, including ISO/IEC 11801. One high-performance standard for 100 MHz cable is ISO/IEC 11801, Category 5. Additionally, more stringent standards are being implemented for higher frequency cables including Category 6, augmented Category 6 and Category 7, which includes frequencies of 200 through 600 MHz, respectively and the most recent proposed industrial standard raising the speeds to 10 Gbit (10 GBASE-T) over copper with Ethernet or other cable designs. Industry standards cable specifications and known commercially available products are listed in Table 1, and an updated standard is forthcoming from the EIA committee and should be considered as part of this disclosure. IEEE 802.3(a)(0 was presented as a topic of discussion in the Nov. 14-19, 2004 IEEE plenary session and included topics such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Power via Media Dependent Interface (MDI). Changes to MDI most pertinent to this invention is that even low power conductors may emit undesirable energy into the twisted pair conductors promoting undesirable cross-talk between the power source and the communications conductors. As higher power is allowed in the MDI and data bit rate increases, the communications conductors become even more susceptible to cross-talk and data transmission reliability issues.

Another feature of this invention will be to selectively add semi-conductive and/or conductive materials in small amounts to the separator structure in order to mitigate any cross talk between the cable pairs or conductors and the other adjacent communications or power conducting cables. Additionally, when conductive material is added to the flap-tops of the separators of the present invention, this would act as a shield for the individual pairs of cable (NEXT or FEXT) or for alien near end cross talk (ANEXT) or alien far end (AFEXT) between cables which minimizes disrupting communication signals from adjacent cables.

Addition of semi-conductive or conductive materials (metallization and the like) in relatively small concentrations either within the insulation of the separators or on exterior surfaces would also decrease the weight and size of the cable, from present shielding such as aluminized mylar, and concurrently decrease the potential fire load due to the decrease in flammable materials.

Cabling exists today that is claimed to operate reliably without cross talk between the power cable and the communication cables at 48 VDC and up to 12 W (0.25 A). As the IEEE looks forward, the need for higher power is becoming a reality. Cabling that will enable up to 60 VDC and 30 W, within a cable structure comprising fiber optic or twisted pair communications, and no crosstalk between the power cable and the communications lines and reliable communications operation not subject to alien cross talk from other communications cable, is required. This invention discloses several cabling and separator system configurations allowing for component constructions that will meet the newly proposed IEEE standards. Tables 1 and 2(a)-(g) are more specific to the requirements in place currently.

TABLE 1 INDUSTRY STANDARD CABLE SPECIFICATIONS ANIXTER ANIXTER TIA CAT 6 XP6 XP7 ALL DATA AT DRAFT 10 R3.00XP R3.00XP 100 MHz TIA CAT 5e 11/15/01 11/00 11/00 MAX TEST  100 MHz  250 MHz  250 MHz  350 MHz FREQUENCY ATTENTUATION 22.0 db 19.8 db 21.7 db 19.7 db POWER SUM 32.3 db 42.3 db 34.3 db 44.3 db NEXT ACR 13.3 db 24.5 db POWER SUM 10.3 db 22.5 db 12.6 db 23.6 db ACR POWER SUM 20.8 db 24.8 db 23.8 db 25.8 db ELFEXT RETURN LOSS 20.1 db 20.1 db 21.5 db 22.5 db

TABLE 2A Return Loss Requirements for Category 6 Cable Return loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), worst pair for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB 1 ≦ f ≦ 10 20 + 5 log (f) 10 ≦ f ≦ 20  25 20 ≦ f ≦ 250 25 − 7 log (f/20)

TABLE 2B Insertion Loss Requirements for Category 6 Cable Insertion loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), worst pair for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB .772 1.8 10.0 6.0 250.0 32.8

TABLE 2C Near End Crosstalk Requirements For Category 6 Cable Horizontal cable NEXT loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), worst pair-to-pair, for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB 0.150 86.7 10.0 59.3 250.0 38.3

TABLE 2D Power Sum Near End Crosstalk Requirements for Category 6 Cable PSNEXT loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB 0.150 84.7 10.0 57.3 250.0 36.3

TABLE 2E Equal Level Near End Crosstalk Requirements For Category 6 Cable ELNEXT loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), worst pair-to-pair for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB .772 70.0 10.0 47.8 250.0 19.8

TABLE 2F Power Sum Equal Level Near End Crosstalk Requirements for Category 6 Cable PSELNEXT loss @ 20° C. ± 3° C. (68° F. ± 5.5° F.), for a length of 100 m (328 ft) Frequency MHz Category 6 dB .772 67.0 10.0 44.8 250.0 16.8

TABLE 2G Proposed Requirements for Alien Near-end Cross-talk for Category 6 Cable Proposed Requirement for Channel Power Sum Alien Near-End Cross-talk Frequency Category 6 dB PSANEXT ≧ 60 − 10log(f)  1 ≦ f ≦ 100 MHz PSANEXT ≧ 60 − 15log(f) 100 ≦ f ≦ 625 MHz

Crosstalk values and other electrical properties may be affected by low voltage conductors (up to 60 VDC) as the need to include these power conductors together with the communications conductors in the same cable continues to increase with time.

Twist direction may also be varied. Along with varying pair lays and twist directions, individual solid metal or woven metal air shields can be used to electro-magnetically isolate pairs from each other or isolate the pairs from the cable jacket or low power conduction.

Shielded cable exhibits better alien cross-talk isolation but is more time consuming, more costly to manufacture, install, and terminate. Individually shielded pairs must generally be terminated using special tools, devices and techniques adapted for the job, also increasing cost and difficulty.

One popular cable type meeting the above specifications is Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. Because it does not include shielded pairs, UTP is preferred by installers and others associated with wiring building premises, as it is easily installed and terminated. However, UTP fails to achieve superior cross-talk isolation such as required by the evolving higher frequency standards for data and other state of the art transmission cable systems, even when varying pair lays are used.

Some cables have used supports in connection with twisted pairs. These cables, however, suggest using a standard symmetrical or asymmetrical “X”, or “+” shaped support, hereinafter both referred to as the “X” support. Protrusions may extend from the standard “X” support. The protrusions of the prior inventions exhibit substantially parallel sides without any extension to support pair-to-pair shielding as for cable-to-cable shielding.

The document, U.S. Pat. No. 3,819,443, hereby incorporated by reference, describes a shielding member comprising laminated strips of metal and plastics material that are cut, bent, and assembled together to define radial branches on said member. It also describes a cable including a set of conductors arranged in pairs, said shielding member and an insulative outer sheath around the set of conductors. In this cable the shielding member with the radial branches compartmentalizes the interior of the cable. The various pairs of the cable are therefore separated from each other, but each is only partially shielded, which is not so effective as shielding around each pair and is not always satisfactory.

The solution to the problem of twisted pairs lying too closely together within a cable is embodied in three U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,150,612 to Prestolite, 5,952,615 to Filotex, and 5,969,295 to CommScope incorporated by reference herein, as well as an earlier similar design of a cable manufactured by Belden Wire & Cable Company as product number 1711 A. The prongs or splines in the Belden cable provide superior crush resistance to the protrusions of the standard “X” support. The superior crush resistance better preserves the geometry of the pairs relatives to each other and of the pairs relative to the other parts of the cables such as the shield. In addition, the prongs or splines in this invention preferably have a pointed or slightly rounded apex top which easily accommodates an overall shield. These cables include four or more twisted pair media radially disposed about a “+”-shaped core. Each twisted pair nests between two fins of the “+”-shaped core, being separated from adjacent twisted pairs by the core. This helps reduce and stabilize crosstalk between the twisted pair media. U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,711 to Belden describes a “star” separator that accomplishes much of what has been described above and is also herein incorporated by reference.

However, these core types can add substantial cost to the cable, as well as excess material mass which forms a potential fire hazard, as explained below, while achieving a crosstalk reduction of typically 3 dB or more. This crosstalk value is based on a cable comprised of fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) conductors with PVC jackets as well as cables constructed of FEP jackets or other fluorinated thermoplastics with FEP insulated conductors. Cables where no separation exists between pairs will exhibit higher pair-to-pair cross-talk values. When pairs are allowed to shift based on “free space” within the confines of the cable jacket, the fact that the pairs may “float” within a free space can increase overall attenuation or crosstalk values. The trade-off with allowing the pairs to float is that the pair of conductors have a tendency to separate slightly and randomly. This undesirable separation contributes to increased structural return loss (SRL) and more variation in impedance. One method to overcome this undesirable trait is to twist the conductor pairs with a very tight lay. This method is being practiced with a higher speed augmented Category 6 cables albeit tighter pair lays are expensive and greatly limits the cable manufacturer's throughput and overall production yield. An improvement included by the present invention to structural return loss and improved attenuation is to provide grooves within channels for conductor pairs such that the pairs are fixedly adhered to the walls of these grooves or at least forced within a confined space to prevent floating simply by geometric configuration. This configuration is both described herewithin and referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 6,639,152 filed Aug. 25, 2001 as well as PCT/US02/13831 filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office on May 1, 2002.

In addition to the preceding portion of the invention U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,680,922, 5,887,243, 5,444,184, 5,418,878, and 6,751,441 are hereby incorporated by reference regarding the use of lower voltage power conductors for wireless fidelity applications and the like.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,922 Refers to a packet-centric wireless point to multi-point telecommunications system comprising a wireless base station coupled to a data network, workstations, subscriber customer premise equipment (CPE) in wireless communication, sharing a wireless bandwidth using a packet-centric protocol and at least one layer above layer 4 of Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,243, includes a method of generating and delivering an individualized mass medium program presentation at a receiver station, a computer for generating and communicating information, and at least one output device operatively connected to a viewer with at least one data storage location.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,184 references an apparatus for transmitting communication signals and electrical power signals between two remote locations, comprising at least two twisted pairs having at least one twisted pair for transmitting the communication signals, and having conductors connected in parallel for transmitting electrical power signals; and a transformer means being connected to said at least two twisted pairs for separating the transmission of the communication signals and the electrical power signals. It goes on to describe a communication cable that is having said at least two twisted pairs and at least two power conductors and may further comprises three paired power conductors for transmission of three phase power, the three paired power conductors being used for transmitting three communication channels.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,878—this invention seeks to provide an electrical telecommunications cable construction in which pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance and cross-talk is minimized. Accordingly, the present invention provides an electrical telecommunications cable comprising a plurality of pairs of individually insulated conductors, the conductors in each pair twisted together, and spacer means holding the pairs of conductors spaced apart. The spacing means is provided by projections extending inwardly from the jacket or outwardly and are spaced circumferentially around the jacket to provide spacers so the pairs of conductors are separated from one another by the projections.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,751,441 describes a premises, connected to receive broadband service(s) and also connected to a cable system, is provided with a broadband interface which connects to in-premises cabling which is coupled to consumer receivers such as a television sets, PDAs, and laptops. Connected to the broadband interface is an adjunct device which channels broadband, data and voice signals supplied to an in-premises wireless system as distinguished from the signals supplied to the cable connected consumer receivers. The adjunct device formats the broadband and voice signals or any broadband service into packet format suitable for signal radiation and couples them to the in-premises coax cabling, via a diplexer, at a selected location. At a second cable location a second diplexer, connected to the cable, separates the broadband, data and voice signals and couples them to a signal radiation device (i.e., an RF antenna or leaky coaxial cable) that radiates the signal to the immediate surrounding location. Various devices, near to the second cable location for specific services, receive the wireless signals (i.e., broadband, data and voice) from the radiating antenna.

A “rifling” or “ladder-like” separator design also contributes to reducing attenuation as measured by test parameters such as power sum NEXT (near end cross talk), power sum ACR (attenuation cross-talk ratio) and ELFEXT (equal level far end cross-talk) by providing for better control of spacing of the pairs, adding more air-space, and allowing for “pair-twinning” at different lengths. Additional benefits include reduction of the overall material mass required for conventional spacers, which contributes to flame and smoke reduction.

In building designs, many precautions are taken to resist the spread of flame and the generation of and spread of smoke throughout a building in case of an outbreak of fire. Clearly, the cable is designed to protect against loss of life and also minimize the costs of a fire due to the destruction of electrical and other equipment. Therefore, wires and cables for building installations are required to comply with the various flammability requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) in the U.S. as well as International Electrotechnical Commission (EIC) and/or the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC).

Cables intended for installation in the air handling spaces (i.e. plenums, ducts, etc.) of buildings are specifically required by NEC/CEC/IEC to pass the flame test specified by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), UL-910, or its Canadian Standards Association (CSA) equivalent, the FT6. The UL-910, FT-6, and the NFPA 262 represent the top of the fire rating hierarchy established by the NEC and CEC respectively. Also important are the UL 1666 Riser test and the IEC 60332-3C and D flammability criteria. Cables possessing these ratings, generically known as “plenum” or “plenum rated” or “riser” or “riser rated”, may be substituted for cables having a lower rating (i.e. CM, CMX, or their equivalents), while lower rated cables may not be used where plenum or riser rated cables are required.

The products of the present invention have also been developed to support the evolving NFPA standard referenced as NFPA 255 entitled “Limited Combustible Cables” with less than 50 as a maximum smoke index and/or NFPA 259 entitled “Heat of Combustion” which includes the use of an oxygen bomb calorimeter that allows for materials with less than 3500 BTU/lb. for incorporation into the newer cable (and conductors and separators within these cables) designs. The proposed materials of the present invention are for inclusion with high performance support separators and conduit tubes designed to meet the new and evolving standards proposed for National Electrical Code (NEC) adoption in 2005.

Cables conforming to NEC/CEC/IEC requirements are characterized as possessing superior resistance to ignitability, greater resistant to contribute to flame spread and generate lower levels of smoke during fires than cables having lower fire ratings. Often these properties can be anticipated by the use of measuring a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) for specific materials used to construct the cable. Conventional designs of data grade telecommunication cable for installations in plenum chambers have a low smoke generating jacket material, e.g. of a specially filled PVC formulation or a fluoropolymer material, surrounding a core of twisted conductor pairs, each conductor individually insulated with a fluorinated insulation layer. Cable produced as described above satisfies recognized plenum test requirements such as the “peak smoke” and “average smoke” requirements of the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., UL910 Steiner tunnel test and/or Canadian Standards Association CSA-FT6 (Plenum Flame Test) while also achieving desired electrical performance in accordance with EIA/TIA-568 A, B, and C for high frequency signal transmission.

The newer standards are forcing industrial “norms” to change and therefore require a new and unique set of materials that will be required to achieve these new and evolving standards. The materials needed for crossweb design to ensure these standards are met are also the subject of the present invention and include nano-composites of clay and other inorganics such as ZnO and TiO₂, CaCO₃, MgCO₃, talc, ammonium octyl molybdates (AOM), calcium molybdate, where such inorganics are also used as nano-sized particles. In addition, the use of insulative or semi-conductive Buckminster fullerenes and doped fullerenes of the C₆₀ family and the like are part of the present invention and offer unique properties that allow for maintaining electrical integrity or shielding effectiveness between cable pairs as well as between adjacent cables as well as providing the necessary reduction in flame retardance and smoke suppression.

While the above described conventional cable, including the Belden 1711 A cable design due in part to their use of fluorinated polymers meets all of the above design criteria, the use of fluorinated polymers is extremely expensive and may account for up to 60% of the cost of a cable designed for plenum usage. A solid core of these communications cables contributes a large volume of fuel to a potential cable fire. Forming the core of a fire resistant material, such as with FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene), is very costly due to the volume of material used in the core, but it should help reduce flame spread over a 20 minute test period. Reducing the mass of material by redesigning the core and separators within the core is another method of reducing fuel and thereby reducing smoke generation and flame spread. For the commercial market in Europe, low smoke fire retardant polyolefin materials have been developed that will pass the EN (European Norm) 502666-Z-X Class B relative to flame spread, total heat release, related heat release, and fire growth rate. Prior to this inventive development, standard cable constructions requiring the use of the aforementioned expensive fluorinated polymers, such as FEP, that would be needed to pass this rigorous test. Using low smoke fire retardant polyolefins for specially designed separators in cables that meet the more stringent electrical requirements for Categories 6, augmented Category 6, and 7 and also pass the new norm for flammability and smoke generation is a further subject of this invention. Tables 3-6 below illustrate and categorize the flame and smoke characteristics discussed above.

TABLE 3A International Classification and Flame Test Methodology for Communications Cable Additional Class Test Methods Classification Criteria Classification A_(ca) EN ISO 1716 PCS ≦ 2.0 MJ/kg (1) and PCS ≦ 2.0 MJ/kg (2) B_(1ca) FIPEC₂₀ Scenario 2 (6) FS ≦ 1.75 m and Smoke production (3, 7) and THR₁₂₀₀ ≦ 10 MJ and and Flaming Peak HRR ≦ 20 kW and droplets/particles (4) FIGRA ≦ 120 Ws⁻¹ and Acidity (5) EN 50285-2-1 H ≦ 425 mm B_(2ca) FIPEC₂₀ Scenario 1 (6) FS ≦ 1.5 m and Smoke production (3, 8) and THR₁₂₀₀ ≦ 15 MJ and and Flaming Peak HRR ≦ 30 kW and droplets/particles (4) FIGRA ≦ 150 Ws⁻¹ and Acidity (5) EN 50285-2-1 H ≦ 425 mm C_(ca) FIPEC₂₀ Scenario 1 (6) FS ≦ 2.0 m and Smoke production (3, 8) and THR₁₂₀₀ ≦ 30 MJ and and Flaming Peak HRR ≦ 60 kW and droplets/particles (4) FIGRA ≦ 300 Ws⁻¹ and Acidity (5) EN 50285-2-1 H ≦ 425 mm D_(ca) FIPEC₂₀ Scenario 1 (6) THR₁₂₀₀ ≦ 70 MJ and Smoke production (3, 8) and Peak HRR ≦ 400 kW and and Flaming FIGRA ≦ 1300 Ws⁻¹ droplets/particles (4) and Acidity (5) EN 50285-2-1 H ≦ 425 mm Eca EN 50285-2-1 H ≦ 425 mm Acidity (5) Fca No Performance Determined (1) For the product as a whole, excluding metallic materials. (2) For any external component (ie. Sheath) of the product. (3) S1 = TSP₁₂₀₀ ≦ 50 M² and peak SPR ≦ 0.25 m²/s S2 = TSP₁₂₀₀ ≦ 400 M² and peak SPR ≦ 1.5 m²/s S3 = Not S1 or S2 (4) For FIPEC₂₀ Scenarios 1 and 2: d0 = No flaming droplets/particles within 1200 s d1 = No flaming droplets/particles persisting longer than 10 s within 1200 s d3 = not d0 or d1 (5) EN 50285-2-1: (?) A1 = conductivity < 2.5 μS/mm and pH > 4.3 A2 = conductivity < 10 μS/mm and pH > 4.3 A3 = not A1 or A2 No declaration = No Performance Determined (6) Airflow into chamber shall be set to 8000 +/− 800 l/min. FIPEC₂₀ Scen.1 = prEN50399-2-1 with mounting and fixing according to Annex 2 FIPEC₂₀ Scen.2 = prEN50399-2-2 with mounting and fixing according to Annex 2 (7) The smoke class declared in class B1ca cables must originate from the FIPEC₂₀ Scen.2 test (8) The smoke class declared in class B2ca cables must originate from the FIPEC₂₀ Scen.1 test

TABLE 3B International Classification and Test Methodology for Communications Cable Pending CPD Euro-Classes for Cables PCS = gross calorific potential FIGRA = fire growth rate FS = flame spread (damaged TSP = total smoke production length) THR = total heat release SPR = smoke production rate HRR = heat release rate H = flame spread Pending CPD Euro-Classes for Communications & Energy Cables [A1] EN ISO 1716 Mineral Filled Circuit Integrity Cables [B1] FIPEC Sc.2/EN 50265-2-1 LCC/HIFT-type LAN Comm. Cables [B2] FIPEC Sc.1/EN 50265-2-1 Energy Cables [C] FIPEC Sc.1/EN 50265-2-1 High FR/Riser-type Cables [D] FIPEC Sc.1/EN 50265-2-1 IEC 332.3C type Cables [E] EN 50265-2-1 IEC 332.1/VW1 type Cables [F] No Requirement

TABLE 4 Flammability Test Methods and Level of Severity for Wire and Cable Test Method Ignition Source Output Airflow Duration UL2424/NFPA 8MJ/kg — — 259/255/UL723 (35,000 BTU/lb.) Steiner Tunnel 88kW (300k BTU/hr.) 73 m/min. 20 min. UL 910/NFPA 262 (240 ft/min.) forced RISER 154 kW (527 K BTU/hr.) Draft 30 min. UL2424/NFPA 259 Single Burning Item 30 kW (102 k BTU/hr.) 36 m³/min. 30 min. (20 min burner) Modified IEC 60332-3 30 kW (102 k BTU/hr.) 8 m³/min. 20 min. (Backboard behind ladder (heat impact)) IEC 60332-3 20.5 kW (70 k BTU/hr.) 5 m³/min. 20 min Vertical Tray 20.5 kW (70 k BTU/hr.) Draft 20 min IEC 60332-1/ULVW-1 Bunsen Burner — 1 min (15 sec. Flame)

Table 5 indicates material requirements for wire and cable that can meet some of the test method criteria as provided in Table 4. “Low smoke and flame compound A” is a fluoropolymer based blend that includes inorganics known to provide proper material properties such that NFPA 255 and NFPA 259 test protocols may be met.

TABLE 5 Material Requirements and Properties for Plenum, Riser, and Halogen Free Cables Low Smoke and LSFR PVC (Halogen Free) (Halogen Free) Flame Compound A HIFT/NFPA 262 IEC 332.2C IEC 332.1 Properties NFPA 255/259 LC Euro Class B1 Class C/D Euro Class E Specific Gravity 2.77 g/cc 1.65 g/cc 1.61 g/cc 1.53 g/cc Durometer D 69/61 72/63 59/49 53/47 Aged, Inst/15 sec. Tensile Strength, 2,250 psi/15.5 Mpa 2,500 psi/17.2 Mpa 1,750 psi/12.1 Mpa 1,750 psi/12.1 Mpa 20″/min. Elongation, 250% 180% 180% 170% 20″/min. Oxygen Index, 100+% 53% 53% 35% (0.125″) Brittle point, deg C −46 −5 −22 −15 Flexural Modulus, 202000 psi/1400 Mpa 56000 psi/390 Mpa 41000 psi/280 Mpa 49000 psi/340 MPa 0.03″/min. UL Temp Rating, 125+ 60 90 75 deg C Dielectric 2.92 3.25 3.87 3.57 Constant, 100 MHz Dissipation 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.014 Factor, 100 MHz 4pr UTP Jkt 9-11 mils/.23-.28 mm 15-17 mils/.38-.43 mm 30-40 mils/.76-1.02 mm 20-24 mils/.50-.60 mm Thickness

Table 6 is provided as an indicator of low acid gas generation performance for various materials currently available for producing wire and cable and cross-web designs of the present invention. The present invention includes special polymer blends that are designed to significantly reduce these values to levels such as those shown for low smoke and flame Compound A as listed above in Table 5.

TABLE 6 Acid Generation Values for Wire and Cable Insulation Materials Material % Acid pH FEP 27.18 1.72 ECTFE 23.890 1.64 PVDF 21.48 2.03 LSFR PVC 13.78 1.90 Low Smoke and Flame 1.54 3.01 Compound A 48% LOI HFFR 0.35 3.42 34% LOI HFFR .024 3.94

Solid or foamed flame retardant/smoke suppressed polyolefins may also be used in connection with fluorinated polymers. These materials may be used singularly or coextruded or tandem extruded to a crossweb-like shape to provide a low cost alternative to fluorinated polymers. Coextrusion and/or tandem extrusion allows two or more polymers to be combined that would otherwise not be compatible.

Commercially available solid or foamed or both flame retardant/smoke suppressed polyolefin compounds all possess dielectric properties inferior to that of FEP and similar fluorinated polymers. In addition, they also exhibit inferior resistance to burning and generally produce more smoke than FEP under burning conditions. A combination of the two different polymer types can reduce costs while minimally sacrificing physio-chemical properties. An additional method that has been used to improve both electrical and flammability properties includes the irradiation of certain polymers that lend themselves to crosslinking. Certain polyolefins are currently in development that have proven capable of replacing fluoropolymers for passing these same stringent smoke and flammability tests for cable separators, also known as “cross-webs”. Additional advantages with the polyolefins are reduction in cost and toxicity effects as measured during and after combustion. The present invention utilizes blends of fluoropolymers with primarily polyolefins as well as the use of “additives” that include C₆₀ fullerenes and compounds that incorporate the fullerenes and substituted fullerenes as well as inorganic clays and metal oxides as required for insulative or semi-conductive properties in addition to the flame and smoke suppression requirements. The use of fluoropolymer blends with other than polyolefins is also a part of the present invention and the incorporation of these other “additives” will be included as the new compounds are created. Price and performance characteristics for the separators and conduit tubes will determine the exact blend ratios necessary for these compounds.

A high performance communications data cable utilizing twisted pair technology must meet exacting specification with regard to data speed, electrical, as well as flammability and smoke characteristics. The electrical characteristics include specifically the ability to control impedance, near-end cross-talk (NEXT), ACR (attenuation cross-talk ratio) and shield transfer impedance. A method used for twisted pair data cables that has been implemented to meet the electrical characteristics, such as controlled NEXT, is by utilizing individually shielded twisted pairs (ISTP). These shields insulate each pair from NEXT. Data cables have also used very complex lay techniques to cancel E and B (electric and magnetic fields) to control NEXT. In addition, previously manufactured data cables have been designed to meet ACR requirements by utilizing very low dielectric constant insulation materials. The above techniques to control electrical characteristics have inherent problems that have led to various cable methods and designs to overcome these problems. The material blends of the present invention are designed such that these key parameters can be met.

Recently, the development of “high-end” electrical properties for Category 6 and 7 cables has increased the need to determine and include power sum NEXT (near end crosstalk) and power sum ELFEXT (equal level far end crosstalk), as well as aNEXT and aFEXT considerations that must be considered along with attenuation, impedance, and ACR values. These developments have necessitated the development of more highly evolved separators that can provide offsetting of the electrical conductor pairs so that the lesser performing electrical pairs can be further separated from other pairs within the overall cable construction.

Recent and proposed cable standards are increasing cable maximum frequencies from 100-200 MHz to 250-700 Mhz. Recently, 10 Gbit over copper high-speed standards have been proposed. The maximum upper frequency of a cable is that frequency at which the ACR (attenuation/cross-talk ratio) is essentially equal to 1.

Current separator designs must also meet the UL 910 flame and smoke criteria using both fluorinated and non-fluorinated jackets as well as fluorinated and non-fluorinated insulation materials for the conductors of these cable constructions. In Europe, the trend continues to be use of halogen free insulation for all components, which also must meet stringent flammability regulations. The use of the blends of the present invention for both separators and tube conduits will allow for meeting these requirements.

A broad range of electrical conductors and electrical cables are installed in modern buildings for a wide variety of uses. Such uses include data transmission between computers, voice communications, as well as control signal transmission for building security, fire alarm, and temperature control systems. These cable networks extend throughout modern office and industrial buildings, and frequently extend through the space between the dropped ceiling and the floor above. Ventilation system components are also frequently extended through this space for directing heated and chilled air to the space below the ceiling and also to direct return air exchange. The space between the dropped ceiling and the floor above is commonly referred to as the plenum area. Electrical conductors and cables extending through plenum areas are governed by special provisions of the National Electric Code (“NEC”).

Because of concerns that flame and smoke could travel along the extent of a plenum area in the event the electrical conductors and cable were involved in a fire, the National Fire Protection Association (“NFPA”) has developed a standard to reduce the amount of flammable material incorporated into insulated electrical conductors and jacketed cables. Reducing the amount of flammable material would, according to the NFPA, diminish the potential of the insulating and jacket materials from spreading flames and evolving smoke to adjacent plenum areas and potentially to more distant and widespread areas throughout a building.

In 1975, the NFPA recognized the potential flame and smoke hazards created by burning cables in plenum areas, and adopted in the NEC a standard for flame retardant and smoke suppressant cables. This standard, commonly referred to as “the Plenum Cable Standard”, permits the use of cable without conduit, so long as the cable exhibits low smoke and flame retardant characteristics. The test method for measuring these characteristics is commonly referred to as the Steiner Tunnel Test. The Steiner Tunnel Test has been adapted for the burning of cables according to the following test protocols: NFPA 262, Underwriters Laboratories (U.L.) 910, or Canadian Standards Association (CSA) FT-6. The test conditions for each of the U.L. 910 Steiner Tunnel Test, CSA FT-6, and NFPA 262 are as follows: a 300,000 BTU/hour flame is applied for 20 minutes to ten 24-foot lengths of test cables mounted on a horizontal tray within a tunnel. The criteria for passing the Steiner Tunnel Test are as follows:

A. Flame spread—flame travel less than 5.0 feet. B. Smoke generation: 1. Maximum optical density of smoke less than 0.5. 2. Average optical density of smoke less than 0.15.

In plenum applications for voice and data transmission, electrical conductors and cables should exhibit low smoke evolution, low flame spread, and favorable electrical properties. Materials are generally selected for plenum applications such that they exhibit a balance of favorable and unfavorable properties. In this regard, each commonly employed material has a unique combination of desirable characteristics and practical limitations. Without regard to flame retardancy and smoke suppressant characteristics, olefin polymers, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are melt extrudable thermoplastic materials having favorable electrical properties as manifested by their very low dielectric constant and low dissipation factor.

Dielectric constant is the property of an insulation material that determines the amount of electrostatic energy stored per unit potential gradient. Dielectric constant is normally expressed as a ratio. The dielectric constant of air is 1.0, while the dielectric constant for polyethylene is 2.2. Thus, the capacitance of polyethylene is 2.2 times that of air. Dielectric constant is also referred to as the Specific Inductive Capacity or Permittivity.

Dissipation factor refers to the energy lost when voltage is applied across an insulation material, and is the cotangent of the phase angle between voltage and current in a reactive component. Dissipation factor is quite sensitive to contamination of an insulation material. Dissipation factor is also referred to as the Power Factor (of dielectrics).

Fluorinated ethylene/propylene polymers exhibit electrical performance comparable to non-halogenated olefin polymers, such as polyethylene, but are over 10 times more expensive per pound. Polyethylene also has favorable mechanical properties as a cable jacket as manifested by its tensile strength and elongation to break. However, polyethylene exhibits very unfavorable flame and smoke characteristics.

Limiting Oxygen Index (ASTM D-2863) (“LOI”) is a test method for determining the percent concentration of oxygen that will support flaming combustion of a test material. The greater the LOI, the less susceptible a material is to burning. In the atmosphere, there is approximately 21% oxygen, and therefore a material exhibiting an LOI of 22% or more cannot burn under ambient conditions. As pure polymers without flame retardant additives, members of the olefin family, namely, polyethylene and polypropylene, have an LOI of approximately 19. Because their LOI is less than 21, these olefins exhibit disadvantageous properties relative to flame retardancy in that they do not self-extinguish flame, but propagate flame with a high rate of heat release. Moreover, the burning melt drips on the surrounding areas, thereby further propagating the flame.

Table 7 below summarizes the electrical performance and flame retardancy characteristics of several polymeric materials. Besides fluorinated ethylene/propylene, other melt extrudable thermoplastic generally do not provide a favorable balance of properties (i.e., high LOI, low dielectric constant, and low dissipation factor). Moreover, when flame retardant and smoke suppressant additives are included within thermoplastic materials, the overall electrical properties generally deteriorate.

TABLE 7 Fire Retardancy Characteristics Electrical Properties Dielectric Dissipation NBS Smoke Values Constant Factor Optical Density, DMC 1 MHz, 1 MHz, LOI Material 23 Deg. C. 23 Deg. C. % Flaming Non-flaming PE 2.2 .00006-.0002  19 387 719 FRPE 2.6-3.0 .003-.037 28-32 250 200 FEP 2.1 .00055 >80 <100 <100 PVC 2.7-3.5 .024-.070 32 740 280 RSFRPVC 3.2-3.6 .018-.080 39 200 190 LSFRPVC 3.5-3.8 .038-.080 49 <200 <170

In the above table, PE designates polyethylene, FRPE designates polyethylene with flame retardant additives, FEP designates fluorinated ethylene/propylene polymer, PVC designates polyvinylchloride, RSFRPVC designates reduced smoke flame retardant polyvinylchloride, LSFRPVC designates low smoke flame retardant polyvinylchloride, LOI designates Limiting Oxygen Index, NBS designates the National Bureau of Standards, and DMC designates Maximum Optical Density Corrected.

In general, the electrical performance of an insulating material is enhanced by foaming or expanding the corresponding solid material. Foaming also decreases the amount of flammable material employed for a given volume of material. Accordingly, a foamed material is preferably employed to achieve a favorable balance of electrical properties and flame retardancy.

In addition to the requirement of low smoke evolution and flame spread for plenum applications, there is a growing need for enhanced electrical properties for the transmission of voice and data over twisted pair cables. In this regard, standards for electrical performance of twisted pair cables are set forth in Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA) document TSB 36 and 40. The standards include criteria for attenuation, impedance, crosstalk, and conductor resistance.

In the U.S. and Canada, the standards for flame retardancy for voice communication and data communication cables are stringent. The plenum cable test (U.L. 910/CSA FT-6) and riser cable test U.L. 1666 are significantly more stringent than the predominantly used International fire test IEC 332-3, which is similar to the IEEE 383/U.L. 1581 test. Table 8 below summarizes the standards required for various U.L. and CSA cable designations:

TABLE 8 U.L./CSA Designation Cable Fire Test Flame Energy CMP/MPP Plenum U.L. 910 300,000 BTU CSA FT-6, NFPA 262 (Horizontal) CMR/MPR U.L. 1666 Vertical Riser 527,000 BTU CMG/MPG FT-4 70,000 BTU Vertical Burner angle 20 degrees CM/MP IEEE 1581 70,000 BTU Vertical Burner angle 0 degrees

The principal electrical criteria can be satisfied based upon the dielectric constant and dissipation factor of an insulation or jacketing material. Secondarily, the electrical criteria can be satisfied by certain aspects of the cable design such as, for example, the insulated twisted pair lay lengths. Lay length, as it pertains to wire and cable, is the axial distance required for one cabled conductor or conductor strand to complete one revolution about the axis of the cable. Tighter and/or shorter lay lengths generally improve electrical properties.

Individual shielding is costly and complex to process. Individual shielding is highly susceptible to geometric instability during processing and use. In addition, the ground plane of individual shields, 360° in ISTP's (individually shielded twisted pairs), is also an expensive process. Lay techniques and the associated multi-shaped separators of the present invention to achieve such lay geometries are also complex, costly and susceptible to instability during processing and use. Another problem with many data cables is their susceptibility to deformation during manufacture and use. Deformation of the cable geometry, such as the shield, also potentially severely reduces the electrical and optical consistency.

Optical fiber cables exhibit a separate set of needs that include weight reduction (of the overall cable), optical functionality without change in optical properties and mechanical integrity to prevent damage to glass fibers. For multi-media cable, i.e. cable that contains both metal conductors and optical fibers, this set of criteria is often incompatible. The use of the present invention, however, renders this divergent set of criteria compatible. Specifically, optical fibers must have sufficient volume in which the buffering and jacketing plenum materials (FEP and the like) covering the inner glass fibers can expand and contract over a broad temperature range without restriction, for example −40 C. to 80 C. experienced during shipping. It has been shown by Grune, et. al., among others, that cyclical compression and expansion directly contacting the buffered glass fiber causes excess attenuation light loss (as measured in dB) in the glass fiber. The design of the present invention allows for designation and placement of optical fibers in clearance channels provided by the support-separator having multiple shaped profiles. It would also be possible to place both glass fiber and metal conductors in the same designated clearance channel if such a design is required. In either case the forced spacing and separation from the cable jacket (or absence of a cable jacket) would eliminate the undesirable set of cyclical forces that cause excess attenuation light loss. In addition, fragile optical fibers are susceptible to mechanical damage without crush resistant members (in addition to conventional jacketing). The present invention addresses this problem by including the use of both organic and inorganic polymers as well as the use of inorganic compounds blended with fluoropolymers to achieve the necessary properties.

The need to improve the cable and cable separator design, reduce costs, and improve both flammability and electrical properties continues to exist.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a lower cost communications cable exhibiting improved electrical, flammability, and optionally, optical properties. The cable has an interior support extending along the longitudinal length of the communications cable. The interior support has a central region extending along the longitudinal length of the interior support. In the preferred configuration, the cable includes a geometrically symmetrical core support-separator with a plurality of either solid or foamed anvil-shaped, rifled and ladder sections that extend radially outward from the central region along the longitudinal or axial length of the cable's central region. The core support-separator is optionally foamed, foamed with a skin, co or tandem extruded with an optional hollow center. Each section that is anvil-shaped is adjacent to each other with a minimum of two adjacent anvil-shaped sections or a singular anvil shape that extends along the central core. The rifled separator profiles with ladder-like “step-sections” are similar to standard “X” supports with the major difference that they include rifled ladder-like step sections along the radially extending portions of the “X”.

These various shaped sections of the core support-separator may be helixed as the core extends along the length of the communications cable. Each of the adjacent shaped sections defines a clearance that extends along the longitudinal length of the multi-anvil shaped core support-separator. The clearance provides a channel for each of the conductors/optical fibers or conductor pairs used within the cable. The clearance channels formed by the various shaped core support-separators extend along the same length of the central portion. The channels are either semi-circular, fully circular, or stepped in a circular-like manner shaped cross-section with completely closed surfaces along the radial direction toward the center portion of the core and optionally opened or closed surfaces exist at the outer radial portion of the same core. Adjacent channels are separated from each other to provide a chamber for at least a pair of conductors or an optical fiber or optical fibers. The channels also allow for limited power conductors capable of voltages of up to 60 VDC with 30 watts and wire gauge sizes greater than 20A WG. These conductors will carry operating voltages from a single point source to power media dependent interface devices that will connect to the communication cables.

The various shaped core support-separators of this invention provides a superior crush resistance to the protrusions of the standard “X” or other similar supports. A superior crush resistance is obtained by the arch-like design for the anvil-shaped separators that provide clearance channels for additional support to the outer section of the cable. The various shaped cores better preserves the geometry of the pairs relative to each other and of the pairs relative to the other parts of the cables, such as the possible use of a shield or optical fibers. The anvil-shape provides an exterior surface that essentially establishes the desired roundness for cable manufacturers. The exterior roundness ensures ease of die development and eventual extrusion. The rounded surface of the core also allows for easy accommodation of an overall external shield.

The rifled shape separators with ladder-like sections provide similar crush resistance to the standard “X” supports with the additional feature that the center portion of the separator may have solid sections that can be adjusted in step-like increments such that conductor spacing can be controlled with a degree of precision. Specifically, the conductors can be set apart so that individual or sets of pairs can be spaced closer or farther from one another, allowing for better power sum values of equal level far end and near end crosstalk. This “offsetting” between conductor pairs in a logical, methodological pattern to optimize electrical properties is an additional benefit associated with the rifled shaped separators with ladder-like sections.

According to one embodiment, the cable includes a plurality of transmission media with metal and/or optical conductors that are individually disposed; and an optional outer jacket maintaining the plurality of data transmission media in proper position with respect to the core. The core is comprised of a support-separator having a multi-anvil shaped profile that defines a clearance to maintain spacing between transmission media or transmission media pairs in the finished cable. The core may be formed of a conductive or insulative material to further reduce cross-talk, impedance and attenuation.

Accordingly, the present invention provides for a communications cable, with a multi-anvil shaped support-separator, that meets the exacting specifications of high performance data cables and/or fiber optics or the possibility of including both transmission media in one cable, has a superior resistance to deformation during manufacturing and use, allows for control of near-end cross-talk, controls electrical instability due to shielding, is capable of 200 and 600 MHz (Categories 6 and 7) transmission with a positive attenuation to cross-talk ratio (ACR ratio) of typically 3 to 10 dB.

Moreover, the present invention provides a separator so that the jacket material (which normally has inferior electrical properties as compared with the conductor material) is actually pushed away from the electrical conductor, thus acting to again improve electrical performance (ACR, etc.) over the life of the use of the cable. The anvil-shaped separator, by simple geometric considerations is also superior to the “X” type separator in that it increases the physical distance between the conductor pairs within the same cable configuration, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

Additionally, it has been known that the conductor pair may actually have physical or chemical bonds that allow for the pair to remain intimately bound along the length of the cavity in which they lie. The present invention describes a means by which the conductor pairs are adhered to or forced along the cavity walls by the use of grooves. This again increases the distance, thereby increasing the volume of air or other dielectrically superior medium between conductors in separate cavities. As discussed above, spacing between pairs, spacing away from jackets, and balanced spacing all have an effect on final electrical cable performance.

It is an object of the invention to provide a data/multi-media cable that has a specially designed interior support that accommodates conductors with a variety of AWG's, impedances, improved crush resistance, controlled NEXT, FEXT, ANEXT, and AFEXT electrical instability due to shielding, increased breaking strength, and allows the conductors, such as twisted pairs, to be spaced in a manner to achieve positive ACR ratios.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a cable that does not require individual shielding and that allows for the precise spacing of conductors such as twisted pairs and/or fiber optics with relative ease. In the present invention, the cable would include individual glass fibers as well as conventional metal conductors as the transmission medium that would be either together or separated in clearance channel chambers provided by the anvil-shaped sections of the core support-separator.

Another feature of this invention will be to selectively add conductive or semi-conductive materials in small amounts to the separator structure in order to minimize any attenuation or crosstalk between conductors and other communications or power conducting cables. Additionally, when conductive material is added to the flap-tops of the separators of the present invention, this would act as a shield for the individual pairs of cable (NEXT or FEXT) or for alien near end cross talk (ANEXT) or alien far end (AFEXT) between cables which minimizes disrupting communication signals from adjacent cables.

Addition of semi-conductive or conductive materials (metallization and the like) in relatively small concentrations either within the insulation of the separators or on exterior surfaces would also decrease the weight and size of the cable, from present shielding such as aluminized mylar, and concurrently decrease the potential fire load due to the decrease in flammable materials.

In comparing this design with present shielding such as aluminized mylar, this would concurrently decrease the potential fire load due to the decrease in flammable materials. Shielding for the conductors and/or full cable design can be accomplished through metalizing or adding conductive material during processing. These processes include flame treating, sputtering, specialty compounding of insulation materials, etc. by the use of nanocomposites, or other conductive/semi-conductive fillers that can be either provided through an additional treating step or an automatic process (i.e. coextrusion or tandem extrusion) prior to spooling the separator or cable.

Another embodiment of the invention includes a multi-anvil shaped core support-separator with a central region that is either solid or partially solid. This includes the use of a foamed core and/or the use of a hollow center of the core, which in both cases significantly reduces the material required along the length of the finished cable. The effect of foaming and/or producing a support-separator with a hollow center portion should result in improved flammability of the overall cable by reducing the amount of material available as fuel for the UL 910 test, improved electrical properties for the individual non-optical conductors, and reduction of weight of the overall cable.

Another embodiment includes fully opened surface sections defining the core clearance channels which extend along the longitudinal length of the multi-anvil shaped core support-separator. This clearance provides half-circular channel walls for each of the conductors/optical fibers or conductor pairs used within the cable. A second version of this embodiment includes a semi-closed or semi-opened surface section defining the same core clearance channel walls. These channel walls would be semi-circular to the point that at least 200 degrees of the potential 360 degree wall enclosure exists. Typically, these channels walls would include and opening of 0.005 inches to 0.011 inches wide. A third version of this embodiment includes either a fully closed channel or an almost fully closed channel of the anvil-shaped core support-separator such that this version could include the use of a “flap-top” initially providing an opening for insertion of conductors or fibers and thereafter providing a covering for these same conductors or fibers in the same channel. The flap-top closure can be accomplished by a number of manufacturing methods including heat sealing during extrusion of the finished cable product. Other methods include a press-fit design, taping of the full assembly, or even a thin skin extrusion that would cover a portion of the multi-anvil shaped separator. All such designs could be substituted either in-lieu of a separate cable jacket or with a cable jacket, depending on the final property requirements.

Yet another embodiment of the invention allows for interior corrugated clearance channels provided by the anvil-shaped sections of the core support-separator. This corrugated internal section has internal axial grooves that allow for separation of conductor pairs from each other or even separation of single conductors from each other as well as separation of optical conductors from conventional metal conductors. Alternatively, the edges of said grooves may allow for separation thus providing a method for uniformly locating or spacing the conductor pairs with respect to the channel walls instead of allowing for random floating of the conductor pairs.

Each groove can accommodate at least one twisted pair. In some instances, it may be beneficial to keep the two conductors in intimate contact with each other by providing grooves that ensure that the pairs are forced to contact a portion of the wall of the clearance channels. The interior support provides needed structural stability during manufacture and use. The grooves also improve FEXT and NEXT control by allowing for the easy spacing of the twisted pairs. The easy spacing lessens the need for complex and hard to control lay procedures and individual shielding. Other significant advantageous results such as: improved impedance determination because of the ability to precisely place twisted pairs: the ability to meet a positive ACR value from twisted pair to twisted pair with a cable that is no larger than an ISTP cable; and an interior support which allows for a variety of twisted pair and optical fiber dimensions.

Yet another related embodiment includes the use of an exterior corrugated or convoluted design such that the outer surface of the support-separator has external radial grooves along the longitudinal length of the cable. This exterior surface can itself function as a jacket if the fully closed anvil-shaped version of the invention as described above is utilized. Additionally, the jacket may have a corrugated, smooth or ribbed surface depending on the nature of the installation requirements. In raceways or plenum areas that are new and no previous wire or cable has been installed, the use of corrugated surfaces can enhance flex and bending mechanical strength. For other installations, a smooth surface reduces the possibility of high friction when pulling cable into areas where it may contact surfaces other than the raceway or plenum. Mechanical integrity using an outer jacket such as depicted in FIG. 2 a, 2 b, or 2 c may be essential for installation purposes.

Alternatively, depending on manufacturing capabilities, the use of a tape or polymeric binding sheet may be necessary in lieu of extruded thermoplastic jacketing. Taping or other means may provide special properties of the cable construction such as reduced halogen content or cost and such a construction is found in FIG. 2 c.

Yet another related embodiment includes the use of a strength member together with, but outside of the multi-anvil shaped core support-separator running parallel in the longitudinal direction along the length of the communications cable. In a related embodiment, the strength member could be the core support-separator itself, or in an additional related embodiment, the strength member could be inserted in the hollow center-portion of the core.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the multi-anvil shaped core support-separator optionally includes a slotted section allowing for insertion of an earthing wire to ensure proper and sufficient electrical grounding preventing electrical drift.

It is possible to leave the multi-anvil shaped separator cavities empty in that the separator itself or within a jacket would be pulled into place and left for future “blown fiber” or other conductors along the length using compressed air or similar techniques such as use of a pulling tape or the like

Additional embodiments to the invention include the use of rifled shape separators with ladder-like sections to provide similar crush resistance to the standard “X” supports. These rifled sections, however, have the additional feature that the center portion of the separator may include solid sections that can be adjusted in step-like increments such that conductor spacing can be controlled with a degree of precision. Specifically, the conductors can be set apart so that individual pairs or sets of pairs can be spaced closer or farther from one another, allowing for better power sum values of equal level far end and near end cross-talk. This “offsetting” between conductor pairs in a logical, methodological pattern to optimize electrical properties, is an additional benefit associated with the rifled shaped separators with ladder-like sections.

It is to be understood that each of the embodiments above could include a flame-retarded, smoke suppressant version and that each could include the use of recycled or reground thermoplastics in an amount up to 100%.

A method of producing the communications cable, introducing any of the multi-shaped core separators as described above, into the cable assembly, is described as first passing a plurality of transmission media and a core through a first die which aligns the plurality of transmission media with surface features of the core and prevents or intentionally allows twisting motion of the core. Next, the method bunches the aligned plurality of transmission media and core using a second die which forces each of the plurality of the transmission media into contact with the surface features of the core which maintain a spatial relationship between each of plurality of transmission media. Finally, the bunched plurality of transmission media and core are optionally twisted to close the cable, and the closed cable optionally jacketed.

The present cable design incorporates an inner layer comprising a foamed or expanded polyolefin material and an outer layer comprising a halogenated polymeric material. This composite insulation provides a heterogeneous core that optimizes the electrical characteristics (i.e., the dielectric constant and dissipation factor) of the material of the inner layer in direct contact with the copper conductor, while adding an outer layer over this substrate that incorporates the desired properties of intumescent char and flame retardancy. Intumescences refers to the foaming or swelling of a plastic or other material when exposed to high surface temperatures or flames. Thus, intumescent char is a foamed or swelled char.

A single conductor can be mated in a pair or quad configuration of various numbers of conductors to form a cable. The predominant cable construction is a 4-pair core. This typical 4-pair composite insulated core is then jacketed with a halogenated low smoke and flame retardant material for plenum cable applications.

The crossweb or cable filler composition comprises:

(a) an inner layer comprising a solid or foamed polymeric material selected from polyolefins, polyurethanes, and the like, with the inner layer contacting and surrounding the conductor; and (b) an outer layer comprising a halogenated polymeric material and at least one outer layer additive, the outer layer contacting and surrounding the inner layer, the at least one outer layer additive rendering the outer layer flame retardant and smoke suppressant.

The preferred foamed inner layer polymeric material comprises solid or foamed polyethylene or polypropylene. Foamed or solid polyurethane could also be employed, as well as silicone polymers such as hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, deca methyltetrasiloxane. These compositions can be achieved using extrusion methods such as coextrusion and/or tandem extrusion and the latter enabling two distinctly different melt temperature polymers to exist in a final plastic thermoplastic.

The inner layer polymer preferably further comprises at least one additive, the at least one additive rendering the inner layer flame retardant and smoke suppressant. The at least one additive is preferably selected from the group comprising of magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate.

The most preferred inner layer additive is magnesium hydroxide, which simultaneously renders the inner layer both flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Separate inner layer additives could also be employed for flame retardancy and for smoke suppression.

The preferred molybdate complexes comprise molybdenum oxide and zinc molybdate. The preferred phosphate complexes comprise ammonium polyphosphate and melamine phosphate.

The preferred halogenated polymeric material comprises polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinyladine chloride (PVDC), polyvinyladinefluoride (PVDF), and ethylchlorotetrafluoroethylene (ECTFE), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and MFA.

At least one outer layer additive is may be selected from the group including antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyloxide, brominated dioctylphthalate, brominated diisooctylphthalate, decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, chlorinated diisooctylphthalate, magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate. The most preferred outer layer additive is the combination of antimony trioxide and at least one of decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, and chlorinated diisooctylphthalate.

A preferred embodiment would include foamed FR polyolefins PE/PP as an inner layer and an extrude FEP layer over the foamed FR polyolefins. The foaming can be accomplished with most any blowing agent, one of preferred choice includes the use of Celogen®, from Crompton Chemical, which is a family of primarily activated azodicarbonamides several of which are relatively nondiscoloring, nonstaining and odorless nitrogen type foaming agents that are designed for use in cellular rubber and plastic applications. The effective decomposition range is 152° to 160° C. (306° to 320° F.). Celogen® AZ is an efficient general purpose chemical foaming agent for cellular rubber and expanded plastics that is a nondiscoloring, nonstaining and odorless nitrogen-releasing foaming agent. It is stable under ordinary handling and processing conditions, releasing a large volume of gases at normal curing temperatures. and is available in several different particle sizes and activated forms for use in the present invention.

Other desired embodiments, results, and novel features of the present invention will become more apparent from the following drawings and detailed description and the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a top-right view of one embodiment of the cable and separator that includes solid or foamed polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 1 b is a top-right view of one embodiment of the cable and separator that includes solid or foamed polymeric grooved internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 1 c is a top-right view of one embodiment of the cable and separator that includes solid or foamed polymeric corrugated internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 2 a is a top-right view of one embodiment of the cable and separator that includes an anvil-shaped separator and a smooth/ribbed jacket.

FIG. 2 b is a top-right view of another embodiment of the cable and separator that includes a ribbed, corrugated jacket.

FIG. 2 c is a top-right view of another embodiment of the cable and separator that includes a taped or polymer binder sheet jacketing configuration.

FIG. 3 a is a cross-section end view of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support anvil-shaped separator. FIG. 3 a-1 and FIG. 3 a-2 are exploded views of FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 b is a cross-section end view of the single flap, flap-top embodiment of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support anvil-shaped separator when the flap is open.

FIG. 3 c is a cross-section end view of the single flap, flap-top embodiment of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support anvil-shaped separator when the flap is closed.

FIG. 3 d is an enlarged detailed version of the closed single-flap, flap-top embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator.

FIG. 3 e is a cross-section end view of the single flap, flap-top embodiment of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support anvil-shaped separator when the flap is closed.

FIG. 3 f is an enlarged detailed version of the closed single-flap, flap-top embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator.

FIG. 4 a is a cross-section end view of the double flap, flap-top embodiment of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator when the flaps are open.

FIG. 4 b is a cross-section end view of the double flap, flap-top embodiment of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support or anvil-shaped separator when the flaps are closed.

FIG. 4 c is an enlarged detailed version of the closed double-flap, flap-top embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator.

FIG. 5 is a cross-section end view of a flap-top embodiment of the interior support anvil-shaped separator taken along the horizontal plane of the interior support anvil-shaped separator where the separator may contain one or more optical fibers in each of four channels.

FIG. 6 is a cross-section end view of a cable containing an anvil shaped separator and four smaller anvil-shaped separators taken along the horizontal plane of the cable.

FIG. 7 a is a cross-section end view of a cable containing six anvil-shaped separators taken along the horizontal plane of the cable with six rifled cross, symmetrically-even shaped separators (as shown in FIG. 18) with a hollow core feature.

FIG. 7 b is a cross-section end view of a cable containing six anvil-shaped separators taken along the horizontal plane of the cable with six anvil-shaped separators with a center core with conductive wires.

FIG. 8 a is a cross-section end view of an anvil-shaped separator where both outer sharp edged ends of the anvil have been replaced with rounded regions to reduce weight and provide a larger opening for each channel defined by the anvil-shaped separator.

FIG. 8 b is also a cross-section end view of an anvil-shaped separator where both outer sharp edged ends of each anvil section are replaced with rounded regions and each anvil section includes a channel for a drain wire.

FIG. 9 is a cross-section end view of an anvil-shaped separator where dual lobed anvil sections are minimized in size to provide the greatest possible channel girth and opening while still maintaining an anvil-like shape and each dual lobed section includes a channel for a drain wire.

FIG. 10 is a cross-section end view of a relatively large cable for conductor separation with six (6) anvil shaped sections and an adjacent section for a fifth conductor pair.

FIG. 11 is a cross-section end view of a skewed maltese-cross type separator for “worst” pair spacing.

FIG. 12 a is a cross-section end view of a rifled and (optionally) skewed maltese-cross type separator.

FIG. 12 b is an enlarged detailed version of the cross-section end view of a rifled and (optionally) skewed maltese-cross type separator.

FIG. 13 a is a cross-section end view of a diamond shaped separator.

FIG. 13 b is a cross-section end view of a diamond shaped separator with a center circular orifice.

FIG. 13 c is a cross-section end view of a diamond shaped separator with equilateral triangular slots.

FIG. 13 d is a cross-section end view of a diamond shaped separator with a diamond shaped center orifice or slot.

FIG. 14 is a cross-section end view of a pendulum-like shaped separator with a circular disc pendant near its center

FIG. 15 is a cross-section end view of a pendulum-like shaped separator with an elliptical-disc pendant near its center

FIG. 16 is a cross-section end view of a pendulum-like shaped separator with a diamond-disc shaped pendant near its center

FIG. 17 is a cross-section end view pendulum-like dual lobed shaped separator with a diamond-disc shaped pendant near its center

FIG. 18 is a cross-section end view of a rifled cross, symmetrically-even shaped separator. FIG. 18 a is an exploded view of FIG. 18.

FIG. 19 is a cross-section end view of a mirrored battleship-shaped and inverted separator with top-side and bottom-side key-way shaped sections. FIG. 19 a is an exploded view of FIG. 19.

FIG. 20 is a cross-section end view of a staggered and rifled symmetrical cross shaped separator. FIG. 20 a is an exploded view of FIG. 20.

FIG. 21 a is a cross-sectional view of an asymmetric cross-shaped separator.

FIG. 21 b is a cross-sectional view of an asymmetric cross-shaped separator with rifled or “saw-blade” like members.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a saw-blade horizontal member-type separator. FIG. 22 a is an exploded view of FIG. 22.

FIG. 23 a is a cross-sectional view of a symmetrical “Z” or angle-iron shaped type separator.

FIG. 23 b is a cross-sectional view of a symmetrical “Z” or angle-iron shaped type separator with rifled or “saw-blade” like members.

FIG. 24 a is a cross-section view of one embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 24 b is a cross-section view of a second embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a, but also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 c is a cross-section view of a third embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a, but also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 d is a cross-section view of a third embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 c, but also includes the optional use of a organic or inorganic fibers including a polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring as well as allowing for multiple separate multimode or single mode fiber optic units also contained within the same hollow region with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 e is a cross-section view of a fifth embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 b and also includes an inner pull tape for attaching optical fibers or metallic conductors wherein the tape optionally itself incorporates a grip or for which a grip is provided for future pulling of those communication media through the hollow region at some future time or during an installation with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 f is a cross-section view of a sixth embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 b but also two individual conductors (which may be twisted) inside the second inner ring which is smooth instead of rifled within the hollow region and comprised of a different material than the outer ring as well as allowing for multiple separate multimode or single mode fiber optic units also contained within the same hollow region with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 g is a cross-section view of a seventh embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation, but also includes the optional addition of one or more coaxial conductors contained in the center hollow region.

FIG. 25 a is a cross-section view of an another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a but possesses 6 instead of 4 rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 25 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 a but with an inner rifled ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 25 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 a but with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring.

FIG. 25 d is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 c with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and or as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections, additional daisy-like spacers (as shown in FIG. 28 a) are placed which themselves allow for spacing of individual conductors or conductor pairs.

FIG. 25 e is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 c with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections are shown without the additional daisy-like spacers (as shown in FIG. 28 a).

FIG. 25 f is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 c with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections, additional spacers comprised of a region which includes rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design (as shown in FIG. 29 a) are placed which themselves allow for spacing of individual conductors of conductor pairs.

FIG. 26 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending smooth protrusions, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending smooth protrusions, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increased lubricity or friction. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending smooth protrusions each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIGS. 26 d and 26 e are cross-section views of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with as few as two and as many as six extending smooth protrusions, each protrusion extending less than those of the series of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes also includes a an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 f is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with no extending protrusions that includes also an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending protrusions each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f and each with at least a single cross-like section extending outward from the circular ring section in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region and each with at least a single cross-like section extending from the circular ring section, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region and each with at least a single cross-like section extending from the circular ring section, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction. The inner portion of the hollow ring region here is optionally filled with inorganic or organic fibers such as polyamide fiber (Kevlar®) and at least four single or multimode fiber optic units.

FIGS. 27 d and 27 e include a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each with at least a single cross-like section, each protrusion extending less than those in of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes also includes an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 f includes a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with no extending protrusions that includes also an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 28 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a hollow four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that may or may not be hollow. If the central region is hollow, the possibility again exists for that region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber. Coaxial or twisted pair conductors may also be introduced in that region.

FIG. 28 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that may or may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains two hollow sections for additional optical or metallic conductor media. The central region is hollow allowing for the possibility that this region may act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber. Coaxial or twisted pair conductors may also be introduced in that region.

FIG. 28 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that may or may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains three hollow sections of differing diameters for additional optical or metallic conductor media. The central region is solid.

FIG. 28 d is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that may or may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains three hollow sections of differing diameters for additional optical or metallic conductor media. In this case, the center hollow section of each petal is filled with an optical fiber unit. The central region is solid or optionally hollow.

FIG. 28 e is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that may or may not be hollow. In this case, the center hollow section is filled with an optical fiber unit.

FIGS. 29 a, 29 b, 29 c are cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces. FIG. 29 a has no inner ring, FIG. 29 b has a smooth inner ring with optionally different material than the outer ring, and FIG. 29 c has an inner ring with rifled sections. Each can optionally be used for coax or twisted pair as well as for fiber optic conductors in advance, during or after installation.

FIG. 29 d is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as a polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring (that may or may not be rifled). Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 29 e is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes a center portion filled with a fiber optic unit as well as four separated conductor pairs in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 29 f is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes a center portion with a second inner ring portion filled with a fiber optic unit or other conductors as well as four cross-like separators (see FIG. 30 a) in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator within which another, up to four pairs of conductors are situated and separated by the cross-like separator. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 30 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a more conventional cross-like separator section with “rifled” sections extending outward into four quadrants away from the central region and is encased or covered within an outer insulated layer which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross is larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”. The inner cross-like portion may be metallized by utilizing electro' less or electrolytic plating techniques over a thermoplastic.

FIG. 30 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same more conventional cross-like separator section as with FIG. 30 a except that this separator contains a shield that extends along the horizontal axis and optionally also along the vertical axis or both axes within the horizontal hollow portion of the cross-like separator. This shield is comprised of aluminum PET film and may be configured so that it is held within the outer cross-like separator. The design also allows for shielding exterior to the separator under a jacketed cable containing the separator.

FIG. 31 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes providing variations on a cross-like arrangement by adding “zig-zag” extensions that extend away from the central region. Again the cross-like “zig-zag” arrangement may be covered within an outer insulated layer which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross are larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”.

FIG. 31 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes providing variations on a cross-like arrangement by adding “sickle-like” extensions that extend away from the central region. Again the cross-like and sickle-like arrangement may be covered within an outer insulated layer which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross are larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment with several hollow regions for blown fiber or any transmission media for present, future, or concurrent installations using the support-separator alone or in combination with a cable.

FIGS. 33 a and 33 b are cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by semi-rounded lobes in a symmetric star-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIGS. 33 a and 33 b include views of optionally filled inner hollow regions such that each can optionally be used for coax or twisted pair as well as for fiber optic conductors (in advance, during or after installation).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description will further help to explain the inventive features of the cable and the interior support portion of the cable.

FIG. 1 a is a top-right view of one embodiment of this invention. The shown embodiment has an interior support shown as an anvil-shaped separator (110). The interior support anvil-shaped separator, shown in more detail in FIGS. 3 and 4, runs along the longitudinal length on the cable. The interior support anvil-shaped separator, hereinafter, in the detailed description, referred to as the “anvil-shaped separator”, has a central region (112) extending along the longitudinal length of the cable. The center region includes a cavity that runs the length of the separator in which a strength member (114) may be inserted. Channels 120, 122, 124, and 126 extend along the length of the anvil-shaped separator and provide compartments for conductors (130).

A strength member may be added to the cable. The strength member (114) in the shown embodiment is located in the central region of the anvil-shaped separator. The strength member runs the longitudinal length of the anvil-shaped separator. The strength member is a solid polyethylene or other suitable plastic, textile (nylon, aramid, etc.), fiberglass flexible or rigid (FGE rod), or metallic material.

Conductors, such as the shown insulated twisted pairs, (130) are disposed in each channel. The pairs run the longitudinal length of the anvil-shaped separator. While this embodiment depicts one twisted pair per channel, there may be more than one pair per channel. The twisted pairs are insulated with a suitable polymer, copolymer, or dual extruded foamed insulation with solid skin surface. The conductors are those normally used for optical or conventional data transmission. The twisted pairs may be bonded such that the insulation of each conductor is physically or chemically bound in an adhesive fashion, or an external film could be wrapped around each conductor pair to provide the same effect. Although the embodiment utilizes twisted pairs, one could utilize various types of insulated conductors within the anvil-shaped separator channels or cavities.

A metal drain wire may be inserted into a specially designated slot (140). The drain wire functions as a ground or earthing wire. It also serves to reduce material content and maybe applicable to each anvil-type separator.

FIG. 1 b is another embodiment that includes grooves (150) on either the exterior surface of the separator or within the channels of the separator or both. The interior grooves within the channels of this embodiment are specifically designed so that at least a single conductor of a conductor pair can be forced along the inner wall of the groove, thereby allowing for specific spacing that improves electrical properties associated with the conductor or conductor pair. A cross section of this separator with channeled grooves is shown and discussed in a later figure.

FIG. 1 c is yet another related embodiment that includes the use of an exterior corrugated design (160) such that the outer surface of the support-separator has external radial grooves along the longitudinal length of the cable. This exterior surface can itself function as a jacket if the fully closed anvil-shaped version of the invention as described above is utilized. Optionally, this corrugated version of FIG. 1 c may also include the channeled grooves shown in FIG. 1 b.

The anvil-shaped separator may be cabled with a helixed configuration. The helically twisted portions (165) in turn define helically twisted conductor receiving grooves within the channels that accommodate the twisted pairs or individual optical fibers.

The cable (200), as shown in FIG. 2 a is a high performance cable capable of greater than 600 MHz and easily reaching 2 GHz or greater. The cable has an optional outer jacket (210) that can be a thermoplastic, polyvinyl chloride, a fluoropolymer or a polyolefin, or a thermoset, with or without halogen free material as required by flammability, smoke generation, corrosivity, or toxicity, and electrical specifications as detailed above. Additionally, the jacket may be either corrugated (220) as in FIG. 2 b or smooth/ribbed (210) depending on the nature of the installation requirements. Mechanical integrity using an outer jacket such as depicted in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, may be essential for installation purposes.

FIG. 2 b is another embodiment that includes grooves along the interior channels of the separator. The interior grooves (225) within the channels of this embodiment are also specifically designed so that at least a single conductor of a conductor pair can be forced along the inner wall of the groove, thereby allowing for specific spacing that improves electrical properties associated with the conductor or conductor pair.

Over the anvil shaped separator optional polymer binder sheet or tape or sheets or tapes (230) that may be non-wovens such as polyimide, polyether-imide, mica, or other fire retardant inorganic tapes may be used as shown in FIG. 2 c for circuit integrity cable. The binder is wrapped around the anvil shaped separator (200) to enclose the twisted pairs or optical fiber bundles. The binder or tape itself maybe a laminated aluminum shield or the aluminum shield may also be included under the polymer binder sheet. The electromagnetic interference and radio frequency (EMI-RFI) shield is a tape with a foil or metal surface facing towards the interior of the jacket that protects the signals carried by the twisted pairs or fiber cables from electromagnetic or radio frequency distortion. The shield may be composed of a foil and has a belt-like shield that can be forced into a round, smooth shape during manufacture. This taped embodiment with shield may be utilized to control electrical properties with extreme precision. This shielded version is capable of at least 1 GHz or higher frequency signal propagation. Each of the individual conductor pairs may themselves be individually shielded. A metal drain wire may be inserted into a specially designated slot (240) that then can be subsequently wrapped around the shield. The drain wire within the slot runs the length of the cable. The drain wire functions as a ground or earthing wire.

Use of the term “cable covering” refers to a means to insulate and protect the cable. The cable covering being exterior to said anvil member and insulated conductors disposed in grooves provided within the clearance channels. These grooves within clearance channels allow for proper insertion of conductors. Recent developments in communications cabling has shown that improvements in electrical properties can be accomplished if “worst” pair conductors are spaced such that they are physically further removed from other “worst pair” conductors. “Worst pair” refers to two conductors that are physically matched and can be helically twisted around each other such that electrical properties such as attenuation, crosstalk, and impedance properties are least favorable in comparison with other similarly paired conductors. Inevitably, during cable manufacture, at least one set of paired conductors exhibit these “worst pair” parameters and a major attribute of this invention is to space these “worst pairs” far from the better electrical transmission performing pairs. Parallel pair conductors with individual shielding can also be used to achieve the present invention.

The outer jacket, shield, drain spiral and binder described in the shown embodiment provide an example of an acceptable cable covering. The cable covering, however, may simply include an outer jacket or may include just the exterior surface (corrugated or convoluted with ribbed or smooth surfaces) of the anvil shaped interior support member.

The cable covering may also include a gel filler to fill the void space (250) between the interior support, twisted pairs and a portion of the cable covering.

The clearance channels formed by the anvil shaped interior support member of the present inventive cable design allows for precise support and placement of the twisted pairs, individual conductors, and optical fibers. The anvil shaped separator will accommodate twisted pairs of varying AWG's and therefore of varying electrical impedance. The unique circular shape of the separator provides a geometry that does not easily crush and allows for maintenance of a cable appearing round in final construction.

The crush resistance of the inventive separator helps preserve the spacing of the twisted pairs, and control twisted pair geometry relative to other cable components. Further, adding a helical twist allows for improving overall electrical performance design capability while preserving the desired geometry.

The optional strength member located in the central region of the anvil shaped separator allows for the displacement of stress loads away from the pairs.

FIG. 3 a is a horizontal cross-section of a preferred embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator. The anvil-shaped separator can be typically approximately 0.210 inches in diameter. It includes four channels (300, 302, 304, and 306) that are typically approximately 0.0638 to 0.0828 inches in diameter. The channel centers are 90 degrees apart relative to the center of the separator. Each channel is typically approximately 0.005 inches from the channel across from it, and each channel is approximately 0.005-0.011 inches apart from its two nearest-neighboring channels at their closest proximity. Inserted in the channels is one set of twisted pairs (310, 312, 314, and 316) with the option for adding twisted pairs to each channel denoted by dashed circles. In a preferred embodiment, each channel has typically a 0.037-inch opening along its radial edge that allows for the insertion of the twisted pairs. This embodiment also includes a cavity in the center of the anvil-shaped separator for a strength member (320). Additionally, there is a slot for a drain or earthing wire (330). The exploded view of FIG. 3 a labeled as FIG. 3 a-1 also indicates the use of an interior slotted rifled section or sections (332) that allows for less bulk material based on overall depth of the slots of the rifled section, improves electrical characteristics as described above regarding worst pair conductors (allowing for more air around each insulated conductor or pair), and physically binds the pairs together so that each pair has semi-permanently fixed position.

As shown in the other exploded view FIG. 3 a-2 (334), the individual conductor may compress against the solid or foamed slotted rifled surface (334) to ensure the semi-permanently fixed position.

FIG. 3 b is another embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator. The anvil-shaped separator includes a single flap-top (340, 342, 344, and 346) that is initially in an open position to allow the twisted pairs to be inserted into the channels. In FIG. 3 c the flap-tops are in the closed position (350, 352, 354, and 356) where the flap-top (360) fits into a recessed portion of the separator (365) for closure. The flap-tops (360) are self-sealing when heat and/or pressure is applied, such that elements within the channels can no longer be removed from the separator and such that the channels containing the twisted pairs are enclosed. The flap-top (360) is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 d.

FIG. 3 e is another embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator. The anvil-shaped separator includes a single flap-top (380, 382, 384, and 386) that is depicted in the closed position. When in the closed-position, the flap-top (390) overlaps the outer portion (395) of the separator. The amount of overlap required will depend on several design and manufacturing factors and the shown embodiment is only intended as one example of the overlap required. The flap-tops (390) are self-sealing when heat and/or pressure is applied, such that the elements within the channels can no longer be removed or displaced from the separator and such that the channels containing twisted pairs are enclosed. The flap-top (390) is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 f.

Another embodiment of FIGS. 3 a, 3 b and 3 c includes all of the aforementioned features without the drain wire or drain wire slot (330), but may include the center hole (320) for strength members. Use of a center hole (320) is also important in that it reduces the mass required for the spacing. It has been shown and reported in prior art journals and publications that the total mass of the organic components of the cable is directly proportional to flame spread and smoke generation. As mass is reduced, the probability that the cable will pass more stringent flame testing (such as U.L. 910/NFPA 262/IEC 60332-3B₁/IEC 60332-3B₂ as previously described) significantly increases.

A further embodiment of FIGS. 3 a, 3 b and 3 c includes all the aforementioned features without the center hole (320) for strength members and without the drain wire or drain wire slot (330).

FIG. 4 a is a horizontal cross-section of a preferred embodiment of the anvil-shaped separator that is identical to FIG. 3 b but has a pair of overlapping section instead of the single overlapping section of FIG. 3 b and may include optional “stepped” or “rifled” grooves that exist along the inner circumference of the clearance channels. These grooves can be larger in diameter than pictured and used to improve spacing of the “worst pair” conductors as described earlier. These rifled clearance channels can be used to “squeeze” the conductors or conductor pairs into the interstitial openings creating a more permanent positioning that will enhance the electrical characteristics of the final cable assembly. If properly positioned during the “twinning” and subsequent forming of the cable, the forced positioning of the conductors in the rifled sections will improve signal performance. The anvil-shaped separator includes double flap-tops (440, 442, 444, and 446) that are initially in an open position to allow the twisted pairs to be inserted into the channels. In FIG. 4 b (exploded view FIG. 4 c) the flap-tops are in the closed position (450, 452, 454, and 456). The flap-tops are again self-sealing in the presence of heat and/or pressure and the channels containing the twisted pairs are subsequently enclosed. The flap top is shown in more detail in FIG. 4 c. Another embodiment of FIGS. 4 a, and 4 b include all of the aforementioned features without the drain wire or drain wire slot, but includes the center hole for strength members. A further embodiment of FIGS. 4 a, and 4 b includes all the aforementioned features without the center hole for strength members and without the drain wire or drain wire slot.

FIG. 3 d and FIG. 3 f depict the single flap-top in enlarged detail, and FIG. 4 c depicts the double flap-top in enlarged detail. The single flap-tops (360 and 390) and the double flap-top (410) enclose the wires or cables within channels created by the separator. During manufacturing, the flap-top is in the opened position and closes as either pressure or heat or both are applied (normally through a circular cavity during extrusion). Optionally, a second heating die may be used to ensure closure of the flap-top after initial extrusion of the separator or cable during manufacture. Another possibility is the use of a simple metal ring placed in a proper location that forces the flap-top down during final separator or cable assembly once the conductors have been properly inserted into the channels. The metal ring may be heated to induce proper closure. Other techniques may also be employed as the manufacturing process will vary based on separator and cable requirements (i.e. no. of conductors required, use of grounding wire, alignment within the channels, etc.). In one embodiment the single flap-top (360) is secured to a recessed portion of one side of an opening of the cavity of the separator (365), and closure occurs when the unsecured, physically free end is adjoined to and adhered with the other end of the outer surface of the channel wall. In another embodiment the single flap-top (390) is secured by overlapping and adhering the unsecured end to the outer surface of the separator (395), thereby, enclosing the channel. The double-flap top arrangement requires that both flap-top ends physically meet and eventually touch to secure enclosure of the existing cavity (460) formed by the separator (470).

FIG. 5 is a cross-section of another embodiment of the flap-top anvil-shaped separator. Each channel is enclosed by double flaps that can be sealed via heat and/or pressure (510, 512, 514, and 516). Each channel contains at least one fiber (520, 522, 524, and 526) that runs the length of the cable. More than one fiber may be included in each channel if necessary. The separator also includes a slot for a drain or earthing wire (530). For applications such as multimedia cables, the application may have one or more twisted pair, one or more fiber optic conductors, or coaxial cables within the clearance channels of the anvil separators.

FIG. 6 is a cross-section of a cable that contains four anvil-shaped separators (602, 604, 606, and 608) within a larger anvil-shaped separator (610). The larger separator contains a cavity in the center of the separator for a strength member (620). Each of the smaller separators contained within the larger anvil-shaped separator has four channels (630, 632, 634, and 636). As shown, each of these channels contains a twisted pair within this embodiment (640, 642, 644, and 646). This embodiment allows for a total of sixteen twisted pairs to be included in one cable.

FIG. 7 a is a cross-section of a cable that contains six symmetrical rifled cross separators (700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705) within a larger anvil shaped separator (710). The larger separator contains an optional hollow cavity in the center of the separator for an optional strength member (720). Each of the smaller separators contained within the larger anvil-shaped separator has four channels (730, 732, 734, and 736). Within each of these channels is one twisted pair (740, 742, 744, and 746). This embodiment allows twenty-four twisted pairs to be included in one cable.

FIG. 7 b are cross-sections of a cable that contains rifled six anvil-shaped separators (750, 751, 752, 753, 754, and 755) within a larger anvil-shaped separator (710). The larger separator contains an optional hollow cavity in the center of the separator for an either a strength member or an additional conductor pair (725) which is accessed via a slit (726) which can be forced opened during manufacture. Each of the smaller separators contained within the larger anvil-shaped separator has four smooth or rifled channels (780, 782, 784, and 786). Within each of these channels is one twisted pair (760, 762, 764, and 766). This embodiment allows twenty-four twisted pairs to be included in one cable. Feature (750) is an optional wired slot for a drain wire with or without a shield.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b depict a cross-section and additional embodiment of an anvil-shaped separator, which has been substantially trimmed such that the each edged end of each anvil is removed (800 and 802) to reduce weight resulting in enlarged channel openings (804). FIG. 8 b depicts the cross-section with optional drain wires within each solid and trimmed anvil section (810, 812, 814, and 816) as well as optional rifled slots (820) within each clearance channel and optional asymmetric conductor pair offset due to the skewed elongated axis.

FIG. 9 is a cross-section and additional embodiments of a separator where the dual lobed ends of the anvil are minimized (900 and 902) such that an even further reduction in weight, enlarged channel openings (904) and enlarged channel girth are provided. FIG. 9 also includes earthing or drain wire slots (910, 912, 914, and 916).

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional end view of a large cable spacer separator that itself separates six (6) anvil shaped separators as described in detail and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and very similar to the design shown as FIGS. 7 a and 7 b. This separator has an optional center (1000) orifice that allows for reduction of mass and thereby reduction of flame spread and smoke generation in, for example UL 910/NFPA 262/IEC 60332-3B₁/IEC 60332-3B₂ and associated flame testing as previously described. The entire center section (with the center (1000) orifice or without it) could be either solid or foamed or a combination using a skinned solid surface over a foamed core. This design allows for six solid anvil shaped cores (1001) with four clearance channels for conductor pairs. In addition, the large cable spacer separator includes six special “Y” shaped channel spacings (1002-1007) at the outer edges that allow for a fifth conductor pair within these channels. The fifth conductor pairs (1008) are optional in that some or none of the “Y” shaped channel spacings (1002-1007) may be filled. Each of the solid anvil cores (1001) also may optionally contain a center orifice (1009). Each of the conductors consist of an inner solid metal portion (1011, 1015, 1018, and 1021) and an outer insulation (1010, 1014, 1017, and 1020) covering the solid metal portion of the conductors or conductor pairs that are held within each of the four clearance channels (1012, 1016, 1019, and 1022) formed by the six anvil shaped separators cores (1001). In addition to the clearance channels (1012) provided for the conductors or conductor pairs, there all exists an optional specially designed slot (1013) for a metal drain wire that provides proper grounding or earthing of the conductors within the cable for instances where an aluminum Mylar shield may be used.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an optionally skewed or asymmetrical “maltese cross-type” cable spacer separator. It is skewed in the sense that along one axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional plane, the tip-to-tip length is longer than along the other. This spacer provides two relatively larger width blunt tipped ends (1100) and two relatively smaller width tipped blunt ends (1102). The distance between a larger width blunt end tip and a smaller width blunt end tip along the longer axis of symmetry provides two skewed channels (1106) for “worst” pair conductors. These pairs are the ones determined to have the least desirable electrical properties and thus are intentionally spaced further apart from each other. The better performing electrical pairs are contained in two skewed channels (1104) formed between a larger width blunt end tip (1100) and a smaller width blunt end tip (1102) along the shorter axis of symmetry. In this manner the “worst pair” channels (1106) are adjacent to the “better pair” channels (1104) so that the influence of the poorest electrical performing conductors or conductor pairs (1110) are insulated from another poorest or poorer performing electrical pair (1110). Best or better conductor pairs (1112) would be provided in the better pair channels. As previously alluded to, distance, and the presence of air are the two controllable parameters used in the present invention to reduce electrical property deterioration due to “worst pair”-“worst pair” interaction. A center (optional) orifice (1108) is also provided which would allow for reduction of weight of material and better flammability and smoke generation properties as previously described.

FIG. 12 a is a cross-sectional view of an optionally skewed “maltese cross-type” cable spacer separator with “rifled” sections along the outer perimeter of the spacer separator. It optionally skewed in the sense that along one axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional plane, the tip-to-tip length is longer than along the other. This spacer provides four equi-widthed blunt tipped ends (1200). The rifled sections as shown in FIG. 12 b contain interstitial stepped optionally rifled spacers (1201) extending from near the blunt tipped ends toward channels (1205) formed for single or paired conductors that are provided such that the conductor or conductor pairs will be “squeezed” into a portion of the rifled section where some traction or friction within these interstitial stepped spacer rifled sections will control spacing and movement during the entire cabling operation. In this manner, again “worst pair” spacing can be achieved. A center (optional) orifice (1204) is also provided which would allow for reduction of weight of material and better flammability and smoke generation properties as previously described.

FIG. 13 a is a cross-sectional view of a diamond shaped cable spacer separator that is solid (1300) and provides for four semi-circular channels (1310) formed by curved surfaces of the diamond shaped spacer for conductors. The solid diamond shaped spacer has curved ends that converge at each of four tips (1320), which designate the beginning or ending of the channels. Individual conductors (1325) would be preferably placed in each of the channels for pair separator. Alternatively, conductor pairs could also be separated using this design and technique.

FIG. 13 b is a cross-sectional view of a diamond shaped cable spacer separator that has a hollowed center circular orifice section (1330) and provides for four semi-circular channels (1310) formed by curved surfaces of the diamond shaped spacer for conductors. The solid diamond shaped spacer has curved ends that converge at each of four tips (1320) which designate the beginning or ending of the channels. Individual conductors would be preferably placed in each of the channels for pair separator. Alternatively, conductor pairs could also be separated using this design and technique.

FIG. 13 c is a cross-sectional view of a diamond shaped cable spacer separator that has two triangular hollowed center sections, one of which is an upright equilateral triangular hollowed orifice (1340) and the other of which is a downward-facing equilateral triangular orifice (1345) and provides for four semi-circular channels (1310) formed by curved surfaces of the diamond shaped spacer for conductors. The solid diamond shaped spacer has curved ends that converge at each of four tips (1320), which designate the beginning or ending of the channels. Individual conductors would be preferably placed in each of the channels for pair separator. Alternatively, conductor pairs could also be separated using this design and technique.

FIG. 13 d is a cross-sectional view of a diamond shaped cable spacer separator that has a diamond shaped hollowed center orifice section (1350) and provides for four semi-circular channels (1310) formed by curved surfaces of the diamond shaped spacer for conductors. The solid diamond shaped spacer has curved ends that converge at each of four tips (1320), which designate the beginning or ending of the channels. Individual conductors would be preferably placed in each of the channels for pair separator. Alternatively, conductor pairs could also be separated using this design and technique.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a pendulum-like shaped cable spacer separator with a circular-disc like pendant portion (1400) that is either in the center of the pendulum-like shaped separator or is optionally skewed to an elongated rectangular shaped end (1410). This separator does not form specific channels for conductors or conductor pairs, however the circular-disc like portion (1400) provides a device, which allows for proper spacing of better or worse performing electrical pairs by placing this circular-disc in a specific location. The circular-disc (1400) includes an optional center hollow orifice portion (1420), again to reduce material loading which should enable certain cable constructions to pass stringent flame and smoke test requirements.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a pendulum-like shaped cable spacer separator with an elliptical-disc like pendant portion (1500) that is either in the center of the pendulum-like shaped separator or is optionally skewed to an elongated rectangularly shaped end (1510). This separator also does not form specific channels for conductors or conductor pairs, however the elliptical-disc like pendant portion (1500) provides a device which allows for proper spacing of better or worse performing electrical pairs by placing this elliptical-disc in a specific location. The elliptical-disc like pendant portion (1500) includes an optional center hollow orifice portion (1520), again to reduce material loading which should enable certain cable constructions to pass stringent flame and smoke test requirements.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a pendulum-like shaped cable spacer separator with a diamond-disc like pendant portion (1600) that is either in the center of the pendulum-like shaped separator or is optionally skewed to an elongated rectangularly shaped end (1610). This separator forms more specific channels for conductors or conductor pairs (1625) than that of FIGS. 14 and 15, and the diamond-disc like portion (1600) additionally provides a device which allows for proper spacing of better or worse performing electrical pairs by placing this diamond-disc in a specific location. The diamond-disc like portion (1600) includes an optional center hollow orifice portion (1620), again to reduce material loading which should enable certain cable constructions to pass stringent flame and smoke test requirements. The design and function of the separator of FIG. 16 is similar to that shown in FIGS. 13 a-13 d with the additional feature of the horizontal separator bar that restricts movement of the conductors in the vertical direction during cabling and subsequent handling.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a pendulum-like, dual-lobed shaped cable spacer separator with a diamond-shaped pendant portion in the center that can be optionally skewed to one end and with lobed end portions (1700). Channels for conductors (1725) are formed by curved elongated rectangular portions (1710) of the dual-lobed pendulum-like shaped separator.). This separator forms more specific channels for conductors or conductor pairs (1725) than that of FIGS. 14 and 15, similar to that of FIG. 16, and the diamond-shaped pendant portion additionally provides a device which allows for proper spacing of better or worse performing electrical pairs by placing this diamond-shaped pendant in a specific location. The diamond-shaped pendant section includes an optional center hollow orifice portion (1720), again to reduce material loading which should enable certain cable constructions to pass stringent flame and smoke test requirements.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a rifled and symmetrically balanced cross cable spacer separator (1800) that is comprised optionally of a solid, foamed or solid skin over a foamed core as described earlier in the present specification and again for FIG. 18. FIG. 18 a shows an exploded view of the rifled cross separator also is comprised of four “tipped” ends that have key-like features (1810). The rifled cross separator provides clearance channels for conductors or conductor pairs that may or may not be separately insulated (1825) where each conductor or conductor pair includes an outer insulation material (1835) and an inner section portion of the conductor (1830). As for most of the prior separator constructions, a hollow orifice in the center (1820) is optional again for the purpose of material reduction loading.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a dual drill-bit shaped cable spacer separator (1900) or “mirrored battleship” shape that is comprised optionally of a solid, foamed or solid skin over a foamed core as described earlier. If one were to split this separator along its central horizontal axis, the top and bottom portions-would be mirrored images of each other in that the bottom portion would appear as a reflection of the top portion in much the way a battleship would be reflected by floating in a still body of water. Along the top portion of the separator which is shown in detail in the exploded view FIG. 19 a, there is an ascending stepped section (1905) upon which exists a key-like shaped section (1910) that includes a double key-way inward protruding portion (1911) and a double key-way outward protruding portion (1912) of the separator. Along the bottom portion of the separator, there is a symmetrical (with the top portion) descending stepped section (1905) which includes the same shaped key-like section (1910) (shown in FIG. 19 a) with inward protruding portions (1911) (shown in FIG. 19 a) and outward protruding portions (1912) (shown in FIG. 19 a) that exist under the bottom stepped section (1905).

This separator again provides at least a four-quadrant set of clearance channels for conductors or conductor pairs with an optional outer film (1930) and with conductors that have both an outer insulation material (1940) and an inner conductor material (1945) for each individual conductor or conductor pair. There is a center hollow portion (1950) as part of the stepped (1905) portion that is also shaped in a circular fashion to again achieve material reduction for cost, flammability and smoke generation benefits.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of a “staggered rifled cross “shaped cable spacer separator (2000) that is comprised optionally of a solid, foamed or solid skin over a foamed core. As in the spacer of FIG. 19, shown in the exploded view of FIG. 20 a there is at least one upward protruding sections-(2005) near the center portion of the staggered rifled cross separator along the lateral or horizontal direction that are longer than such subsequent upward protruding sections in the same direction. There is also at least one laterally protruding section (2006) near the center portion of the staggered rifled cross separator along the lateral or horizontal direction that is longer than any subsequent laterally protruding section in the same direction. In addition, there are inwardly intruding sections near the center portion of the spacer (2007) along the vertical and lateral or horizontal directions of the separator as well as laterally protruding sections (as many as four) (2008) that may exist near the center portion of the staggered rifled cross separator. Inwardly intruding sections are also located near the tipped portions of the separator (2009)—as many as four may exist. At the same tipped end portion, there may be inverted ends (2010). This entire geometry is configured to ensure that “worst pair” electrical conductors are spaced in a staggered arrangement to ensure that little or no influence or synergism can occur between the electrically worst two pairs or electrically worst individual conductors. The rifled arrangement allows for squeezing the conductors into the interstices of each of four quadrants with optional outer jacket or film insulation (2030) for the conductor pairs, which include an outer insulation section (2040) and an inner conductor section (2045). The central portion of the separator may also include a hollow orifice (2020).

FIG. 21 a is a cross-sectional view of an asymmetric cross, where each of four quadrants formed by the cross to make clearance channels are formed by either vertical or horizontal sections along an axis of the cross with varying widths. Here, the left side horizontal member (2110) is narrower in width than that of the right side horizontal member (2120). Similarly, the vertical member (2130) extending in an upward direction is narrower in width than that of the other vertical member (2140). FIG. 21 b is completely analogous to FIG. 21 a except that the asymmetric cross in this cross-sectional view includes rifled or “saw-blade” like members as shown previously. In this figure, section (2150) is narrower than section (2160) along the horizontal axis, and section (2170) is narrower than section (2180). The “teeth” of the saw-blade are described in detail with FIG. 22.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a saw-blade type separator (2200) that may be, in fact, a semi-rigid thermoplastic or thermoset film with “serrated” or rifled section along the top and bottom portions of the horizontal axis. The teeth that form serrated edges may be shaped in several ways, two of which are shown in the exploded view, FIG. 22 a. The exploded view of FIG. 22 a shows that along either the top or bottom portion of the separator blunt undulating sections may be used (2210) or other shapes such as the “u” or “v” grooved sections (2220). It should be understood that the teeth may be used in any combination desired, based on the need of the cable manufacturer.

FIG. 23 a is a cross-sectional view of a symmetrical “Z” or angle-iron shaped type separator (2300) that also may be a semi-rigid thermoplastic or thermoset film. As shown, the separator is symmetric in that both horizontal sections (2310) and (2320) are of the same length and evenly spaced apart by the central vertical section (2330). The separator could also be asymmetric in that either of the horizontal sections could be extended or shortened with respect to one another. Also, the vertical section (2330) length could be adjusted as needed for electrical specification requirements. This separator is provided primarily for 2 conductor pair (2340) to be inserted in the clearance channels provided. FIG. 23 b is also a symmetrical “Z” or angle-iron shaped type separator with the addition, in this cross-sectional view, of rifled or “saw-blade” like members as shown previously. In this figure, sections (2350) and (2360) along the horizontal axis can be the same length or arbitrarily different lengths—resulting in an asymmetric shape. The central vertical section (2370) and associated saw-blade like teeth can also be lengthened or shortened as necessary. The “teeth” of the saw-blade are described in detail in FIG. 22 and the same blunt undulating, “u” or “v” shaped grooves can be used for this separator as well. This separator is provided primarily for 2 conductor pair (2380) to be inserted in the clearance channels provided.

FIG. 24 a is a cross-section view of one embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region (100) with four extending rifled protrusion (2410, 2412, 2414, 2416) each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The optimum pair separation is gained by placing pairs between the four extending rifled protrusions in regions (2420, 2422, 2424, 2426). The central circular ring portion (2400) optionally includes a hollow region (2430) to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 24 b is a cross-section view of a second embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a, but also includes a second inner ring (2440) within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 c is a cross-section view of a third embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a, but also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections (2450) with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 d is a cross-section view of a fourth embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 c, but also includes the optional use of a organic or inorganic fibers (2460) including polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring as well as allowing for multiple separate multimode or single mode fiber optic units (2462) also contained within the same hollow region with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 e is a cross-section view of a fifth embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 b and also includes an inner pull tape (2470) for attaching optical fibers or metallic conductors wherein the tape optionally itself incorporates a grip or for which a grip is provided for future pulling of those communication media through the hollow region at some future time or during an installation with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 f is a cross-section view of a sixth embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 b but also two individual conductors (2480 and 2482) (which may be twisted) inside the second inner ring which is smooth instead of rifled within the hollow region and comprised of a different material than the outer ring as well as allowing for multiple separate multimode or single mode fiber optic units also contained within the same hollow region with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation.

FIG. 24 g is a cross-section view of a seventh embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a with four extending rifled protrusions each extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation, but also includes the optional addition of one or more coaxial conductors (2490) with a tinned copper braided shield (2492).

FIG. 25 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 24 a but possesses 6 instead of 4 rifled protrusions (2510, 2512, 2514, 2516, 2518, 2520) each extending in a preferred degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The optimum pair separation is gained by placing pairs between the six extending rifled protrusions in regions (2530, 2532, 2534, 2536, 2538, and 2540). The central circular ring portion (2500) optionally includes a hollow region (2550) to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 25 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 a with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation, but also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections (2560).

FIG. 25 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIGS. 25 a and 25 b but with an inner smooth ring section (2570) with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the optional addition of one or more conductors (2574) including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member (2572) within the second inner ring.

FIG. 25 d is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIGS. 25 a and 25 c but with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections, additional daisy-like spacers (2580) (as shown in FIG. 28 a) are placed which themselves allow for spacing of individual conductors or conductor pairs (2582).

FIG. 25 e is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIGS. 25 a and 25 c but with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections are shown without (2584) the additional daisy-like spacers (FIG. 28 a).

FIG. 25 f is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same symmetrical core with a central circular ring region as for FIG. 25 e but with an inner smooth ring section with as few as two and as many as six extending protrusions each extending in a preferred degree separation along the outer ring from each other for optimum pair separation that optionally includes the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring. Also, between as few as one and as many as six of the extending projections, additional spacers (2590) comprised of a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design (as shown in FIG. 29 e) are placed which themselves allow for spacing of individual conductors or conductor pairs.

FIG. 26 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region (2600) with four extending smooth protrusions (2610, 2612, 2614, 2616), each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region (2620) to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending smooth protrusions, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 24 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring (2630) within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with four extending smooth protrusions, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections (2640). The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIGS. 26 d and 26 e are cross-section views of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with as few as two (2670 and 2672 in FIG. 26 e) and as many as six extending smooth protrusions (2650, 2652, 2654, 2656, 2658, 2660 in FIG. 26 d), each protrusion extending less than those of the series of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes also includes a an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 26 f is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with no extending protrusions (2680) that includes also an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction optionally utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region (2700) with four extending protrusions (2710, 2712, 2714, 2716) each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f and each with at least a single cross-like section (2720, 2722, 2724, 2726) extending outward from the circular ring section in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region (2730) to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region and each with at least a single cross-like section extending from the circular ring section, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring (2740) within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region and each with at least a single cross-like section extending from the circular ring section, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred 90 degree separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes a second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for either increasing lubricity or friction. The inner portion of the hollow ring region here is optionally filled with inorganic or organic fibers (2750) such as polyamide fiber (Kevlar®) and at least four single or multimode finer optic units (2760, 2762, 2764, and 2766).

FIGS. 27 d and 27 e include a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with as few as two (2770 and 2772 in FIG. 27 e) and as many as six (2750, 2752, 2754, 2756, 2758, and 2760 in FIG. 27 d) extending protrusions each with at least a single cross-like section, each protrusion extending less than those of FIGS. 24 a through 25 f, each again extending in a preferred separation from each other for optimum pair separation and also includes also includes an optional second inner ring within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction utilizing rifled inner spatially arranged sections. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 27 f includes a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator includes a symmetrical core with a central circular ring region with no extending protrusions (2780) that includes also an optional second inner ring which is smooth within the hollow region comprised of a different material than the outer ring for increasing friction as well as allowing for multiple separate multimode or single mode fiber optic units (2785) also contained within the same hollow region. The central ring portion optionally includes a hollow region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 28 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a hollow four-petal (2810, 2812, 2814, and 2816) or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core (2800) that may or may not be hollow (2820 shown hollow). If the central region is hollow, the possibility again exists for that region to act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber. Coaxial or twisted pair conductors may also be introduced in that region.

FIG. 28 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal (2840, 242, 2844, and 2846) or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core (2830) that may or may not be hollow (2832 shown hollow). Each “petal” contains two hollow sections (2850 and 2852) for additional optical or metallic conductor media. The central region (2832) is hollow allowing for the possibility that this region may act as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber. Coaxial or twisted pair conductors may also be introduced in that region.

FIG. 28 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core (2860) that may or may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains three hollow sections (2870, 2872, 2874) of differing diameters for additional optical or metallic conductor media. The central region (2860) is solid.

FIG. 28 d is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that mayor may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains three hollow sections of differing diameters for additional optical or metallic conductor media. In this case, the center hollow section of each petal is filled with an optical fiber unit (2880). The central region is solid or optionally hollow.

FIG. 28 e is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a solid four-petal or “daisy” shaped arrangement with a central core that mayor may not be hollow. Each “petal” contains three hollow sections of differing diameters for additional optical or metallic conductor media. In this case, the center hollow section of the daisy is filled with an optical fiber unit (2890). The central region is solid or optionally hollow.

FIGS. 29 a, 29 b, 29 c are cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region (2900) which is surrounded by rounded lobes (2910, 2912, 2914, 2916) in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region (2920) that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces. FIG. 29 a has no inner ring, FIG. 29 b has a smooth inner ring (2930) with optionally different material than the outer ring, and FIG. 29 c has an inner ring (2940) with rifled sections (2942). Each can optionally be used for coax or twisted pair as well as for fiber optic conductors in advance, during, or after installation.

FIG. 29 d is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member (2950) within the second inner ring (that may or may not be rifled). Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber (2960, 2962, 2964, 2966) which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 29 e is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes a center portion filled with a fiber optic unit (2970) as well as four separated conductor pairs (2980, 2982, 2984, 2986) in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 29 f is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region which is surrounded by rounded lobes in a symmetric diamond-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. This design includes a center portion with a second inner ring portion (2990) filled with a fiber optic unit (2992) or other conductors as well as four cross-like separators (2994) (see FIG. 18) in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator within which another, up to four pairs of conductors (2996) are situated and separated by the cross-like separator. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces.

FIG. 30 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes a more conventional cross-like separator section (3000) with optionally “rifled” sections (3002 and 3004, for example) extending outward into four quadrants (3010, 3012, 3014, 3016) away from the central region (3000) and is encased or covered within an outer insulated layer (3020) which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross is larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”. The inner cross-like portion or the skin over a thermoplastic may be metallized by utilizing electroless or electrolytic plating techniques over a thermoplastic film, the use of metal fillers and/or the use of nanocomposites. A dual insulated design incorporating a foamed or sold polyolefin based inner portion with a foamed or solid fluoropolymer skin is an example of one embodiment of this design.

FIG. 30 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes the same more conventional cross-like separator section as with FIG. 30 a except that this separator contains a shield (3030) that extends along the horizontal axis and optionally also along the vertical axis or both axes within the horizontal hollow portion (3040) of the cross-like separator. This shield is comprised of aluminum PET film and may be configured so that it is held within the outer cross-like separator (3020) and may also be part of an overall shielded cable which is shielded using aluminum backed PET film or a braided metallic shield or any combination.

FIG. 31 a is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes providing variations on a cross-like arrangement by adding “zig-zag” extensions (3110, 3112, 3114, for example) that extend away from the central region (3100). Again the cross-like “zig-zag” arrangement may be covered within an outer insulated layer which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross are larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”. This design optionally includes four separated conductor pairs (3120, 3122, 3124, 3126) in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator.

FIG. 31 b is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the cable support-separator that includes providing variations on a cross-like arrangement by adding “sickle-like” extensions (3130, 3132, 3134, 3136) that extend away from the central region. Again the cross-like and sickle-like sections arrangement may be covered within an outer insulated layer which is itself shaped in an identical cross except that the dimensions of this outer cross are larger than the rifled inner cross and functions as a “skin”. This design optionally includes four separated conductor pairs (3120, 3122, 3124, 3126) in each of the regions defined by the symmetric diamond-like geometry of the cable support-separator.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment (3200) with several hollow regions (3210, 3212, 3214, for example) for blown fiber or any transmission media for present, future, or concurrent installations using the support-separator alone or in combination with a cable.

FIGS. 33 a and 33 b are cross-sectional views of another set of embodiments of the cable support-separator that includes a circular ring region (3300) which is surrounded by semi-rounded lobes (3310, 3312, 3314, 3316) in a symmetric star-like geometry that defines as many as four separate regions for pairs (3320, 3322, 3324, 3326) that are properly separated in the final (often jacketed) cable design. Again the central ring portion can optionally include a hollow region (3330) that may be used as an air blown fiber (ABF) duct which is available for filling with optical fiber which is comprised of solid, semi-solid, foamed or hollow polymeric smooth internal and external surfaces. FIGS. 33 a and 33 a include views of optionally filled inner hollow regions such that each can optionally be used for coax or twisted pair as well as for fiber optic conductors (in advance, during or after installation). FIG. 33 a includes a view of this design including the optional addition of one or more conductors including optionally organic or inorganic fibers such as polyamide (for example Kevlar®) filling and an optional strength member within the second inner ring (that may or may not be rifled). FIG. 33 b includes a view of this design that includes the optional addition of coaxial cable (3302) in the hollow center region. The central circular region (3301) is of a slightly larger size than that shown in FIG. 33 a in order to allow for coaxial cable in the central hollow region of the separator.

It will, of course, be appreciated that the embodiment which has just been described has been given simply by the way of illustration, and the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments described herein; various changes and modifications may be effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

1. A composition comprising a combination of inorganic fillers or additives including inorganic polymers and organic polymers which are halogenated; said organic polymers of said composition including any combination of; polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylchlorotetrafluoroethylene (ECTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), and MFA (copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinyl ether), wherein said fillers include nano-composites of clay and other inorganic fillers including any combination of ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, MgCO₃, talc, ammonium octyl molybdates (AOM), magnesium hydroxide, molbdate complexes including calcium molybdate, molybdenum oxide, and zinc molybdate, and phosphate complexes including ammonium phosphate and melamine phosphate, wherein said fillers are added either individually or in combination with said composition.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said organic polymers include any combination of non-halogenated polymers comprising solid and/or foamed polyethylene or polypropylene, solid and/or foamed polyurethane, and silicone polymers including hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, and decamethyltetrasiloxane.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said fillers including said inorganic polymers are nano-sized particles and wherein said particles provide unique properties allowing for maintaining electrical integrity and shielding effectiveness between cable pairs and/or between adjacent cables and provides reduction in flame retardance and increased smoke suppression.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said organic polymers include particles comprising insulative or semi-conductive Buckminster fullerenes and/or doped fullerenes of the C₆₀ family providing, during combustion of said composition, reduction in flame generation, reduction in flame spread, increased smoke suppression, and increased char formation.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition also comprises an outer surface layer and an inner surface layer, wherein said outer surface layer includes either a foamed and/or expanded polyolefin material or a halogenated polymer, such that said outer surface layer assists in forming an intumescent char in the presence of combustion thereby further increasing flame retardancy and wherein said inner layer is capable of withstanding extrusion of said outer layer onto said inner layer without causing said inner layer to decompose.
 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein said composition also includes organic/inorganic polymer blends providing further enhanced flame and smoke suppression, electrical performance, and severe cost reduction in manufacturing high performance communications cables.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein said composition comprises a high performance communications cable with one or more interior support-separator section(s) comprising a longitudinal length and with external radial and axial surfaces having a central region extending along said longitudinal length of said interior support-separator section(s) wherein one or more central regions of the support-separator includes sections that are hollow and wherein said support-separator is jacketed, thereby allowing for completion of said cable.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein a portion of said interior support-separator includes the additional of a thin layer of material that acts as a type of skin for mechanical protection and wherein said support-separator is solid, partially solid, foamed, or foamed with a solid skin surface.
 9. The composition of claim 5, wherein said blends include fluoropolymers that are primarily blended with polyolefins and wherein said blends include metal oxides, said oxides imparting both insulative, semi-conductive, and flame and smoke suppression properties to said composition.
 10. The composition of claim 5, wherein a primarily non-halogenated polymer blend comprises inorganic polymers or particles that reduce flammability and increase smoke suppression sufficient for meeting or exceeding NFPA 255 and NFPA 259 test protocols U.L. 910/CSA FT-6, riser cable test U.L. 1666, international fire test IEC 332-3, and the IEEE 383/U.L. 1581 test.
 11. The composition of claim 5, wherein a primarily fluoropolymer based blend comprises inorganic substances that reduce flammability and increases smoke suppression sufficient for meeting or exceeding NFPA 255 and NFPA 259 test protocols, U.L. 910/CSA FT-6, riser cable test U.L. 1666, international fire test IEC 332-3, and the IEEE 383/U.L. 1581 test.
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises tapes, polymeric binding sheets, or other means in lieu of extruded thermoplastic jacketing, and wherein said tapes, sheets, jacketing or said other means are comprised of compositions with reduced halogen content when compared with the halogen content of halogenated polymers absent any fillers.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition wherein said composition comprises recycled or reground thermoplastics in an amount of up to 100 percent of said composition.
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition includes a combination of solid and/or foamed flame retardant and smoke suppressing polyolefins with fluorinated polymers, and wherein said combination is extruded singularly, coextruded, or extruded in tandem to form articles of manufacture.
 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein said articles of manufacture include pellets.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein said combination is extruded into a crossweb-like shape wherein coextrusion and/or tandem extrusion allows for combining two or more polymers, wherein said polymers would otherwise not be combinable.
 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein said polyolefins are flame retardant polyethylene/polypropylene copolymers or blends of polyethylene and polypropylene used as an inner layer with an extruded fluorinated ethylene propylene outer layer covering over said flame retardant polyolefins and wherein said polyolefins and said fluorinated ethylene propylene are foamable.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein foaming is accomplished with a blowing agent, preferably Celogen®, representing primarily activated azodicarbonamides that are nondiscoloring, nonstaining, and odorless foaming agents using nitrogen as a carrier gas.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein when said composition comprises an inner layer polymer structure, said structure further comprising at least one additive, said at least one additive rendering said inner layer with enhanced flame retardants and smoke suppressants and wherein said at least one additive comprises any of the following; magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and/or zinc borate.
 20. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 17, wherein said magnesium complex is magnesium hydroxide.
 21. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 17, wherein said molybdate complex is molybdenum oxide and/or zinc molybdate.
 22. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 17, wherein said phosphate complex is ammonium polyphosphate and/or melamine phosphate.
 23. The composition of claim 17, wherein said outer layer polymer structure includes additives that are the combination of antimony trioxide and at least one of decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, and chlorinated diisooctylphthalate.
 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein when said composition comprises an outer surface layer polymer structure, wherein at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of; antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyloxide, brominated dioctylphthalate, brominated diisooctylphthalate, decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, chlorinated diisooctylphthalate, magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate.
 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein when said composition comprises an inner surface layer polymer structure, wherein at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of; antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyloxide, brominated dioctylphthalate, brominated diisooctylphthalate, decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, chlorinated diisooctylphthalate, magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate.
 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein said one additive is a combination of antimony trioxide and at least one of the following chemical species; decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, and chlorinated diisooctylphthalate.
 27. A method of producing the compositions of claim 1, wherein improving both electrical and flammability properties of said compositions comprises irradiation of polyolefins in combination with fluoropolymers by blending of said combination primarily with said polyolefins and additives that include C₆₀ fullerenes and compounds that incorporate said fullerenes as well as said substituted fullerenes, inorganic clays, and metal oxides.
 28. A high performance communications cable with an interior support, a central region, and outwardly extended portions comprising conductive inorganic fillers or additives or alternatively metallic additives and including shielding around individual conductor pairs or around said interior support such that said cable and associated support, central region and extended portions are capable of lowering to the point of eliminating crosstalk and more specifically lowering alien near end crosstalk (anext) and/or far end crosstalk (FEXT) and wherein said cable is capable of transmission speeds greater than 600 MHz reaching at least 2 GHz.
 29. An interior support-separator for the communications cable of claim 28, wherein said interior support, said central region, and said outwardly extended portions are comprised of conductive inorganic fillers or additives or alternatively metallic additives and optionally includes shielding around individual conductor pairs or around said interior support such that said cable and associated support, central region and extended portions are capable of lowering or eliminating crosstalk and more specifically lowering alien near end crosstalk (anext) and/or far end crosstalk (FEXT).
 30. An article comprising a composition with the combination of inorganic fillers or additives including inorganic polymers and organic polymers which are halogenated; said organic polymers of said composition including any combination of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylchlorotetrafluoroethylene (ECTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), and MFA (copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinyl ether), wherein said fillers include nano-composites of clay and other inorganic fillers including any combination of ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, MgCO₃, talc, ammonium octyl molybdates (AOM), magnesium hydroxide, molbdate complexes including calcium molybdate, molybdenum oxide, and zinc molybdate, and phosphate complexes including ammonium phosphate and melamine phosphate, wherein said fillers are added either individually or in combination with said composition.
 31. The article of claim 30, wherein said organic polymers include any combination of non-halogenated polymers comprising solid and/or foamed polyethylene or polypropylene, solid and/or foamed polyurethane, and silicone polymers including hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, and decamethyltetrasiloxane.
 32. The article of claim 30, wherein said fillers including said inorganic polymers are nano-sized particles and wherein said particles provide unique properties allowing for maintaining electrical integrity and shielding effectiveness between cable pairs and/or between adjacent cables and provides reduction in flame retardance and increased smoke suppression.
 33. The article of claim 30, wherein said organic polymers include particles comprising insulative or semi-conductive Buckminster fullerenes and/or doped fullerenes of the C₆₀ family providing, during combustion of said composition, reduction in flame generation, reduction in flame spread, increased smoke suppression, and increased char formation.
 34. The article of claim 30, wherein said composition also comprises an outer surface layer and an inner surface layer, wherein said outer surface layer includes either a foamed and/or expanded polyolefin material or a halogenated polymer, such that said outer surface layer assists in forming an intumescent char in the presence of combustion thereby further increasing flame retardancy and wherein said inner layer is capable of withstanding extrusion of said outer layer onto said inner layer without causing said inner layer to decompose.
 35. The article of claim 34, wherein said composition also includes organic/inorganic polymer blends providing further enhanced flame and smoke suppression, electrical performance, and severe cost reduction in manufacturing high performance communications cables.
 36. The article of claim 35, wherein said composition comprises a high performance communications cable with one or more interior support-separator section(s) comprising a longitudinal length and with external radial and axial surfaces having a central region extending along said longitudinal length of said interior support-separator section(s) wherein one or more central regions of the support-separator includes sections that are hollow and wherein said support-separator is jacketed, thereby allowing for completion of said cable.
 37. The article of claim 36, wherein a portion of said interior support-separator includes the additional of a thin layer of material that acts as a type of skin for mechanical protection and wherein said support-separator is solid, partially solid, foamed, or foamed with a solid skin surface.
 38. The article of claim 36, wherein said blends include fluoropolymers that are primarily blended with polyolefins and wherein said blends include metal oxides, said oxides imparting both insulative, semi-conductive, and flame and smoke suppression properties to said composition.
 39. The article of claim 36, wherein a primarily non-halogenated polymer blend comprises inorganic polymers or particles that reduce flammability and increase smoke suppression sufficient for meeting or exceeding NFPA 255 and NFPA 259 test protocols U.L. 910/CSA FT-6, riser cable test U.L. 1666, international fire test IEC 332-3, and the IEEE 383/U.L. 1581 test.
 40. The article of claim 36, wherein a primarily fluoropolymer based blend comprises inorganic substances that reduce flammability and increases smoke suppression sufficient for meeting or exceeding NFPA 255 and NFPA 259 test protocols, U.L. 910/CSA FT-6, riser cable test U.L. 1666, international fire test IEC 332-3, and the IEEE 383/U.L. 1581 test.
 41. The article of claim 30, wherein said composition comprises tapes, polymeric binding sheets, or other means in lieu of extruded thermoplastic jacketing, and wherein said tapes, sheets, jacketing or said other means are comprised of compositions with reduced halogen content when compared with the halogen content of halogenated polymers absent any fillers.
 42. The article of claim 30, wherein said composition wherein said composition comprises recycled or reground thermoplastics in an amount of up to 100 percent of said composition.
 43. The article of claim 30, wherein said composition includes a combination of solid and/or foamed flame retardant and smoke suppressing polyolefins with fluorinated polymers, and wherein said combination is extruded singularly, coextruded, or extruded in tandem to form articles of manufacture.
 44. The article of claim 34, wherein said article of manufacture include pellets.
 45. The article of claim 30, wherein said combination is extruded into a crossweb-like shape wherein coextrusion and/or tandem extrusion allows for combining two or more polymers, wherein said polymers would otherwise not be combinable.
 46. The article of claim 30 wherein said polyolefins are flame retardant polyethylene/polypropylene copolymers or blends of polyethylene and polypropylene used as an inner layer with an extruded fluorinated ethylene propylene outer layer covering over said flame retardant polyolefins and wherein said polyolefins and said fluorinated ethylene propylene are foamable.
 47. The article of claim 46, wherein foaming is accomplished with a blowing agent, preferably Celogen®, representing primarily activated azodicarbonamides that are nondiscoloring, nonstaining, and odorless foaming agents using nitrogen as a carrier gas.
 48. The article of claim 30, wherein when said composition comprises an inner layer polymer structure, said structure further comprising at least one additive, said at least one additive rendering said inner layer with enhanced flame retardants and smoke suppressants and wherein said at least one additive comprises any of the following; magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and/or zinc borate.
 49. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 36, wherein said magnesium complex is magnesium hydroxide.
 50. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 36, wherein said molybdate complex is molybdenum oxide and/or zinc molybdate.
 51. The inner layer polymer structure of claim 36, wherein said phosphate complex is ammonium polyphosphate and/or melamine phosphate.
 52. The article of claim 36, wherein said outer layer polymer structure includes additives that are the combination of antimony trioxide and at least one of decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, and chlorinated diisooctylphthalate.
 53. The article of claim 30, wherein when said composition comprises an outer surface layer polymer structure, wherein at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of; antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyloxide, brominated dioctylphthalate, brominated diisooctylphthalate, decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, chlorinated diisooctylphthalate, magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate.
 54. The article of claim 30, wherein when said composition comprises an inner surface layer polymer structure, wherein at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyloxide, brominated dioctylphthalate, brominated diisooctylphthalate, decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, chlorinated diisooctylphthalate, magnesium complexes, molybdate complexes, phosphate complexes, alumina trihydrate, and zinc borate.
 55. The composition of claim 30, wherein said one additive is a combination of antimony trioxide and at least one of the following chemical species; decachlorodiphenyloxide, chlorinated dioctylphthalate, and chlorinated diisooctylphthalate.
 56. A method of producing the compositions of claim 30, wherein improving both electrical and flammability properties of said compositions comprises irradiation of polyolefins in combination with fluoropolymers by blending of said combination primarily with said polyolefins and additives that include C₆₀ fullerenes and compounds that incorporate said fullerenes as well as said substituted fullerenes, inorganic clays, and metal oxides. 